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The simple past in Dutch has two forms: plural and singular.
Like in English, many common verbs are 'strong,' meaning that for the
past tense (and often also for the past participle) they have a vowel
(or diphthong) change, and sometimes also a consonant change for a new
'past-tense-stem.' 'Weak' verbs just add endings to the verb stem we
know and love from the present tense.
sterke werkwoorden
2
'strong verbs'
zwakke werkwoorden
2
3
'weak verbs'
'Weak' Verbs - 't kofschip | |
'Strong' Verbs |
---|
Simple Past Model: 't kofschip-type Weak Verbs |
|||
---|---|---|---|
ik | STEM + te | I | |
jij | STEM + te | you (singular, informal) | |
hij | STEM + te | he | |
wij | STEM + ten | we | |
jullie | STEM + ten | you (plural, informal) | |
zij | STEM + ten | they | |
U | STEM + te | you (polite) |
Simple Past Model: Other Weak Verbs | |||
---|---|---|---|
ik | STEM + de | I | |
jij | STEM + de | you (singular, informal) | |
hij | STEM + de | he | |
wij | STEM + den | we | |
jullie | STEM + den | you (plural, informal) | |
zij | STEM + den | they | |
U | STEM + de | you (polite) |
Examples:
'Bedanken' 2 is more common - ik bedankte
fietsen - stem: fiets
- 't kofschip-type: T-endings | ||
---|---|---|
(fietsen 2 ) | to ride a bike | |
ik fietste | I rode a bike | |
jij fietste | you rode a bike (singular) | |
hij fietste | he rode a bike | |
wij fietsten | we rode a bike | |
jullie fietsten | you rode a bike (plural) | |
zij fietsten | they rode a bike | |
U fietste | you rode a bike (polite) | |
horen - stem: hoor
- NOT 't kofschip-type: D-endings | ||
---|---|---|
(horen 2 ) | to hear | |
ik hoorde | I heard | |
jij hoorde | you heard | |
hij hoorde | he heard | |
wij hoorden | we heard | |
jullie hoorden | y'all heard | |
zij hoorden | they heard | |
U hoorde | you heard | |
Verbs with stems ending in D or T will have the regular -DE, -DEN, -TE or -TEN endings, but the double D or T is pronounced the same as a single D or T - for the plural, you will see the difference in the written form, but there's no difference in pronunciation between the present and the past tense.
'Wij lachen'
2
('we laugh, we are laughing')
is clearly different from
'wij lachten'
2
('we laughed, we were laughing') - but
'wij wachten'
('we are waiting')
sounds exactly the same as
'wij wachtten'
2
('we waited, we were waiting') and
'laden' sounds
exactly the same as 'laadden'
('to load, loaded')
wij laden
2
'we are loading'
wij laadden
'we were loading, we loaded'
wij praten
2
/ wij praatten
2
('we are talking / we were
talking')
zetten | to put, place | |
ik zet | I put | |
wij zetten | we put | |
ik zette | I put (past tense) | |
wij zetten | we put (past tense) | |
ik heb gezet | I have put | |
2 |
meaning | infinitive | stem | past tense (singular) | |
to believe | geloven 2 | geloof 2 3 |
geloofde
2
believed |
|
to promise | beloven 2 3 4 | beloof | beloofde
2
promised |
|
to shuffle, walk without energy | sloffen 2 | slof | slofte
2
shuffled |
|
meaning | infinitive | stem | past tense (singular) | |
to blush | blozen | bloos | bloosde
blushed |
|
to wash | wassen 2 | was |
waste
2
washed |
|
cows etc. taking in grass | grazen 2 | graas | graasde
grazed |
|
to plane (wood) | schaven | schaaf | schaafde
2
planed |
|
to forge, counterfeit, falsify | vervalsen | vervals | vervalste
forged |
|
to dance | dansen 2 | dans 2 |
danste
2
danced |
|
to waltz | walsen | wals |
walste
waltzed |
|
to tremble | beven 2 | beef 2 |
beefde
2
trembled |
|
to fear | vrezen 2 | vrees |
vreesde
2
feared |
|
to cross | kruisen 2 | kruis |
kruiste
2
crossed |
|
~to bubble | bruisen | bruis | bruiste
~bubbled |
|
to rustle (wind) | ruisen 2 | ruis 2 |
ruiste
2
rustled |
|
to whizz | suizen 2 | suis | suisde
whizzed |
|
to grin | grijnzen 2 | grijns |
grijnsde
2
grinned |
|
to feign | veinzen | veins | veinsde
2
feigned |
Simple Past Model: Strong Verbs | ||
---|---|---|
I | ik | STRONG-PAST-STEM |
you (singular) | jij | STRONG-PAST-STEM |
he | hij | STRONG-PAST-STEM |
we | wij | STRONG-PAST-STEM + en |
you (plural) | jullie | STRONG-PAST-STEM + en |
they | zij | STRONG-PAST-STEM + en |
you (polite) | U | STRONG-PAST-STEM |
EXAMPLES
(vinden 2 ) | to find | |
ik vond | I found | |
jij vond | you found (singular, informal) | |
hij vond | he found | |
wij vonden | we found | |
jullie vonden | you found (plural, informal) | |
zij vonden | they found | |
U vond | you found (polite) | |
2 |
(helpen 2 ) | to help, assist | |
ik hielp | I helped | |
jij hielp | you helped (singular, informal) | |
hij hielp | he helped | |
wij hielpen | we helped | |
jullie hielpen | y'all helped | |
zij hielpen | they helped | |
U hielp | you helped (polite) | |
Almost all strong verbs with an A in the past tense will have that A
short in the singular and long in the plural. The only exceptions are
hadden,
the past tense of hebben 'to have' - and
dachten
2
the plural past tense of
denken
2
and brachten
2
the plural past tense of
brengen
2
- A's which of course can never be 'long' before that CHT (or even
before CH.)
wij dachten
2
3
'we thought'
wij brachten
2
'we brought'
(hebben ) | to have | |
ik had | I had | |
jij had | you had (singular) | |
hij had | he had | |
wij hadden | we had | |
jullie hadden | you had (plural) | |
zij hadden | they had | |
U had | you had (polite) | |
(zien ) | to see | |
ik zag | I saw | |
jij zag | you saw (singular, informal) | |
hij zag | he saw | |
wij zagen | we saw | |
jullie zagen | y'all saw | |
zij zagen | they saw | |
U zag | you saw (polite) | |
(liggen 2 ) | to lie down | |
ik lag | I was lying down | |
jij lag | you were lying down | |
hij lag | he was lying down | |
wij lagen | we were lying down | |
jullie lagen | y'all were lying down | |
zij lagen | they were lying down | |
U lag | you were lying down | |
2 |
(komen ) | to come | |
ik kwam | I came | |
jij kwam | you came (singular) | |
hij kwam | he came | |
wij kwamen | we came | |
jullie kwamen | y'all came | |
zij kwamen | they came | |
U kwam | you came (polite) | |
Verbs that have an F/V or S/Z shift in the present tense also will have that shift in the past tense, and it may be combined with the short A in the singular, long A in the plural:
geven | to give | |
ik gaf | I gave | |
jij gaf | you gave | |
hij gaf | he gave | |
wij gaven | we gave | |
jullie gaven | y'all gave | |
zij gaven | they gave | |
U gaf | you gave | |
ik las |
(schrijven 2 3 ) | to write | |
ik schreef | I wrote | |
jij schreef | you wrote | |
hij schreef | he wrote | |
wij schreven | we wrote | |
jullie schreven | y'all wrote | |
zij schreven | they wrote | |
U schreef | you wrote | |
ik schreef |
There are no useful rules for what the strong verbs changes are, but there
is sometimes a similarity with English verbs
- a list of strong verbs.
More about strong verbs on the page about the Perfect Tenses
- next.
<< the present tense - the perfect tenses >>
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Gij zult niet stelen
'Thou shalt not steal'