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Short   Major Exceptions to the Phonetic Spelling of Dutch
Dutch spelling is mostly phonetic. When you know the spelling rules, from hearing a word you can usually tell how it's written, and from seeing a written word you can usually tell how it's pronounced. But a few exceptions ... The spelling rules work for most vowels, but next to 'short' E and 'long' E there is the 'voiceless, unstressed E' (the 'schwa.') There are some rules, but you can't always tell how a single E is pronounced ‑>> The #2 definite article het 2 ('the') is often said as 't but not often written that way ‑>> The indefinite artice 'een'  ('a') is contrary to spelling rules pronounced as " 'n " but almost never written that way — 'one, #1' is written as één 2 ‑>> The -IG ending is pronounced with 'voiceless, unstressed E' (the 'schwa') ‑>> The -ISCH ending is pronounced as Dutch "-IES" with 'long I/IE' ‑>> The -LIJK 2 ending is pronounced with 'voiceless, unstressed E' (the 'schwa') ‑>> Many A's at the beginning of words that according to the spelling rules should be 'long' are in fact 'short' ‑>> B at the end of a word and before T is pronounced as P ‑>> D at the end of a word is pronounced as T ‑>> i after vowels or diphthongs is often pronounced as 'Consonant Y' (Dutch J) ‑>> Many people in Holland (probably a majority of the population) don't pronounce the final N's in verb infinitives, verb plurals and noun plurals. Feel free to do that too, you will be perfectly understood either way. But I do not recommend it, dear students, because you have to write those N's anyway, so not pronouncing them just adds a phonetic spelling rule. ‑>> - 2 The CH in SCHR is not pronounced - just an H 'aspiration,' breathing out, "an exhalation of breath" ‑>> The -TIE ending can be pronounced in three different ways: -TIE 2 3 (English TEE) after S, -TSIE 2 3 (English TSEE) after vowels and N, -SIE 2 (English SEE) after C, P and R ‑>> Endings like -TIEF, -TIEK, -TIEL and -TIER are not irregular The U in UW is always 'long' ‑>> W before R is pronounced as (Dutch) V: wreed - wrede ('cruel') / (de) vrede ('peace') ‑>>
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Vowels and Diphthongs, Spelling and Pronunciation Spelling and Pronunciation Examples
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