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Dutch VerbsSmartphone Verbs Home |
kennen | to know (people) |
weten | to know (things) |
gaan | to go | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ik ken jij kent hij kent wij kennen jullie kennen zij kennen U kent |
(I know) (you know) (he knows) (we know) (you know) (they know) (you know) |
ik weet jij weet hij weet wij weten jullie weten zij weten U weet |
(I know) (you know) (he knows) (we know) (you know) (they know) (you know) |
ik ga jij gaat hij gaat wij gaan jullie gaan zij gaan U gaat 2 |
(I go) (you go) (he goes) (we go) (you go) (they go) (you go) |
(you - singular) (you - plural) (you - polite) |
The beautiful dance of single and double vowels and consonants is an important feature of Dutch spelling. It is explained at length in many of my pages, like Vowels and Diphthongs Compared, the Adjectives section of Lesson 11, and the Plurals page.
Exceptions Regular:
If removing the -en would result in a stem ending in a single
consonant preceded by a single vowel, then that single vowel will be
doubled.
When removing the -en would result in a stem ending in a double
consonant, then one of the consonants is dropped.
(See Spelling Rules)
Examples:
infinitive | remove -en |
stem | comment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
danken | dank | dank | following the basic rule | |||
slijpen | slijp | slijp | following the basic rule | |||
slapen | slap | slaap | the vowel is long | |||
stappen | stapp | stap | the infinitive's double 'p' indicates that the 'a' is short |
Exceptions Regular:
In Dutch, 'v' and 'z' only occur
before a vowel: in alll other positions they with change to 'f' or
's,'
respectively
Examples:
infinitive | remove -en |
stem | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
blazen | blaz | blaas | ||||
lassen | lass | las | ||||
lezen | lez | lees | ||||
lessen | less | les | ||||
sloven | slov | sloof | ||||
sloffen | sloff | slof | ||||
durven | durv | durf |
Exceptions Irregular:
doen, zien - stem: doe, zie
gaan, staan - stem: ga, sta
zijn, hebben(to be, to have) - very irregular verbs,
see below
zullen (future tense auxiliary verb) - irregular,
see below
mogen, kunnen (to be allowed to, to be able to) - very
irregular verbs, see below
Simple Present Model | |
---|---|
ik STEM jij STEM+t hij STEM+t wij INFINITIVE (STEM+en) jullie INFINITIVE (STEM+en) zij INFINITIVE (STEM+en) U STEM+t |
(I ) (you [singular]) (he ) (we ) (you [plural]) (they ) (you [polite]) |
danken | to thank | stemmen | to vote or to tune | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ik dank jij dankt hij dankt wij danken jullie danken zij danken U dankt |
(I thank) (you thank) (he thanks) (we thank) (you thank) (they thank) (you thank) |
ik stem jij stemt hij stemt wij stemmen jullie stemmen zij stemmen U stemt |
(I vote) (you vote) (he votes) (we vote) (you vote) (they vote) (you vote) |
Third person singular alternates
zij
/ ze
('she') and
het
/ 't
('it')
will take the same endings as hij ('he.')
hij - zij - het - 't
See also: Personal
Pronouns
In question mode and in some sentence structures the verb will precede
the personal pronoun; in those cases, for second person singular (je, jij) the
't' will be dropped. (Only in the present tense.)
dank jij? - stem jij?
If there's a consonant at the end of the stem, a preceding single vowel is short: then that consonant at the end is usually doubled for the -en in the plural.
Exceptions:
A few verbs are irregular, like zijn en hebben
>>
A few common Dutch verbs have a short vowel in the singular and a long
vowel in the plural, either in the present or in the past tense, or in
both. For instance: komen
>>
Dutch verbs with a stem ending in T do not add an extra T for the
second and third person singular:
zitten: ik zit, jij zit, hij zit
>>
(to sit)
weten: ik weet, jij weet, hij weet
>>
(to know things)
praten: ik praat, jij praat, hij praat
>>
(to talk, to chat)
more examples:
eten (to eat) -
wachten
(to wait) -
moeten
(to have to, 'must')
Dutch verbs with a stem ending in D do add a T for the
second and third person singular
(it's a problem for many Dutchmen too)
- but it does not change the
pronunciation because D at the end of a word is pronounced as T, and
DT is pronounced as T:
worden: ik word, jij wordt, hij wordt
>>
(to become/the passive) - hear:
ik word - hij wordt
2
vinden: ik vind, jij vindt, hij vindt
>>
(to find)
bidden: ik bid, jij bidt, hij bidt:
>>
(to pray)
more examples:
snijden
(to cut with a knife) -
lijden / leiden
(to suffer / to lead) -
rijden
(to drive; to ride)
Simple Past Model | |||
---|---|---|---|
strong verbs | weak verbs | ||
" 't kofschip" type | other weak verbs | ||
ik STRONG-PAST-STEM jij STRONG-PAST-STEM hij STRONG-PAST-STEM wij STRONG-PAST-STEM+en jullie STRONG-PAST-STEM+en zij STRONG-PAST-STEM+en U STRONG-PAST-STEM |
ik STEM+te jij STEM+te hij STEM+te wij STEM+ten jullie STEM+ten zij STEM+ten U STEM+te |
ik STEM+de jij STEM+de hij STEM+de wij STEM+den jullie STEM+den zij STEM+den U STEM+de |
(I ) (you [singular]) (he ) (we ) (you [plural]) (they ) (you [polite]) |
'Komen' (to come) has different vowel lengths for singular and plural in both the present and in the past tense.
The past participle is usually formed by prefixing the verb stem with ge-, and adding an ending:
English | Dutch infinitive | simple past | perfect tense | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
to have | hebben | ik had | ik heb gehad | |||||||
to be | zijn | ik was/wij waren | ik ben geweest | |||||||
to know | kennen | ik kende | ik heb gekend | |||||||
to know | weten | ik wist | ik heb geweten | |||||||
to thank | danken | ik dankte | ik heb gedankt | |||||||
to vote | stemmen | ik stemde | ik heb gestemd | |||||||
to ask | vragen | ik vroeg | ik heb gevraagd | |||||||
to drive, to ride | rijden | ik reed | ik heb/ben gereden | |||||||
to give | geven | ik gaf/wij gaven | ik heb gegeven | |||||||
to come | komen | ik kwam/wij kwamen | ik ben gekomen | |||||||
to walk | lopen | ik liep | ik heb/ben gelopen | |||||||
to go | gaan | ik ging | ik ben gegaan | |||||||
to get | halen | ik haalde | ik heb gehaald | |||||||
to pray | bidden | ik bad/wij baden | ik heb gebeden | |||||||
to take | nemen | ik nam/wij namen | ik heb genomen | |||||||
to bring | brengen | ik bracht | ik heb gebracht | |||||||
to think | denken | ik dacht | ik heb gedacht | |||||||
to eat | eten | ik at/wij aten | ik heb gegeten | |||||||
to honor | eren | ik eerde | ik heb geëerd * |
Some verbs form compound words with other prepositions; those verbs often
(but not always) split up in the simple tenses.
In the past participle of these splitting compound verbs, the ge- is
usually inserted between the preposition and the basic verb.
Unfortunately, sometimes these prepositions do not split from the
verb, and then no ge- is inserted for the past participle.
It looks to me like the compound verbs that have the stress on the
preposition do split up, while the compound verbs with the stress on
the basic verb do not split up.
Notice that most of the English verbs in this list are of French and Latin origin, while Dutch uses basic (Germanic) verbs with (Germanic) prepositions.
schoonmaken
2
3
to clean
opruimen
to tidy up, clear
|
|
ik zal jij zult hij zal wij zullen jullie zullen zij zullen U zult |
(I will/shall) (you will) (he will) (we will/shall) (you will) (they will) (you will) |
zal ik? zul jij? zal hij? zullen wij? zullen jullie? zullen zij? zult U? |
(will/shall I?) (will you?) (will he?) (will/shall we?) (will you?) (will they?) (will you?) | ||
'Jij zal' 2 and 'zal jij?' are acceptable variations. | |||||
Conditional Tense ('Future Past') | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ik zou jij zou hij zou wij zouden jullie zouden zij zouden U zou |
(I would) (you would) (he would) (we would) (you would) (they would) (you would) |
The perfect tense of 'worden' uses 'zijn' (to be) - and the
'geworden' is usually dropped.
ik ben geschopt
I have been kicked
Note the different use of 'is' in English and Dutch
in the following sentences:
he is stung by a wasp
hij wordt door een wesp gestoken!
he has been stung by a wasp
hij is door een wesp gestoken
'Worden' is also used in the sense of 'to become:'
"Wat wil je later worden?"
What are you going to be when you grow up?
Wat is er van hem geworden?
2
Whatever became of him?
't Wordt donker
It is getting dark
Zwijg! 2 | Be silent! (Don't speak! Shut up!) |
Luister! 2 | Listen! |
Hoor! | Hear! (Hark!) |
Kom terug! 2 | Come back! |
Haal diep adem. | Take a deep breath. |
Verroer je niet! | Don't move! ('yourself') |
Neem de tweede weg rechts. | Take the second road to the right. |
Kook de aardappels zeventien minuten. | Boil the potatoes for 17 minutes. |
Ga direct naar huis! 2 | Go home immediately! |
Doe alsjeblieft de deur dicht! 2 | Please close the door! |
Geef 't goede voorbeeld. | [Give] Set the right example |
Zeg het voort
2 Zegt het voort 2 |
Pass it on (a message) Pass it on (a message) - a rare example of the plural imperative |
Het eten van varkensvlees is verboden | Eating pork is not allowed. | |||
Het drinken van alcohol is toegestaan | Drinking alcohol is allowed. |
Adding a '-d(e)' ending to the verb infinitive will make it into an adjective of the ongoing action of the verb; the past participle can be used as an adjective of when the verb's action is finished ('e' in endings.)
'zinken' 'to sink' is a strong verb:
zinken to sink |
- | zonk sank |
- | gezonken sunk |
het verwoorden 2 | the phrasing, putting into words | |
Het eten van varkensvlees is verboden | Eating pork is not allowed. | |
Het drinken van alcohol is toegestaan | 'Drinking alcohol is permitted' |
Only in a few expressions (that are already becoming obsolete) the stem + de adjective is found with zijn (to be):
hij was druk doende | he was busy [doing] | ||
wat is er gaande? | 2 | What's going on? |
to sit, to be sitting | zitten | ik zit | wij zitten | ik zat | wij zaten | ik heb gezeten | 2 more |
to lie (like, in bed) | liggen | ik lig | wij liggen | ik lag | wij lagen | ik heb gelegen | more |
to stand, to be standing | staan | ik sta | wij staan | ik stond | wij stonden | ik heb gestaan | 2 more |
to walk | lopen | ik loop | wij lopen | ik liep | wij liepen | ik ben/heb gelopen | 2 more |
Occasionally, you may find aan het + verb infinitive:
ik ben aan 't koken | I am cooking (preparing food) (Dutch koken means both 'to boil' and 'to cook, prepare food.') |
In long verbs, we may find a verb stem already ending in a syllable with
voiceless E: that voiceless E is not going to change - neither a
double E for a long
E, nor will the final consonant be doubled.
English | Dutch infinitive |
simple present singular |
simple present plural |
simple past singular |
simple past plural |
perfect tense |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
to shop | winkelen | ik winkel | wij winkelen | ik winkelde | wij winkelden | ik heb gewinkeld | ||
to walk, to hike | wandelen | ik wandel | wij wandelen | ik wandelde | wij wandelden | ik heb/ben gewandeld | ||
Compare: | ||||||||
to split; to share | delen | ik deel | wij delen | ik deelde | wij deelden | ik heb gedeeld | ||
to divide, apportion | verdelen | ik verdeel | wij verdelen | ik verdeelde | wij verdeelden | ik heb verdeeld | 2 | |
to tell, relate | vertellen | ik vertel | wij vertellen | ik vertelde | wij vertelden | ik heb verteld | 2 |
The English verbs 'to lie' and 'to lay' are confusing to some people; in Dutch there is a similar problem:
to lie (like, in bed) | liggen | ik lig | wij liggen | ik lag | wij lagen | ik heb gelegen | >> |
to lay (like, to put) | leggen | ik leg | wij leggen | ik legde | wij legden | ik heb gelegd | 2 |
to lie (to say what's not) | liegen | ik lieg | wij liegen | ik loog | wij logen | ik heb gelogen |
Marco Schuffelen -
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Don't be a
dief (thief) -
dievegge (female thief) -
diefstal (theft) -
stelen (to steal) -
heler (dealer in stolen goods) -
hear Dutch -
2