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Lesson 11 - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

The Simple Past Tense of Hebben ('to Have') and Zijn ('to Be') - Adjectives and Adverbs (Sentences, Word Order 1) - Walkabout - Feet, Yards and Miles to Meters and Kilometers - The Education System in Holland

The separation of Church and State in the West is in part based on this very sensible Bible text. (Also in Mark 12:13-17 and Luke 20:20-26.)

Matthew 22:15-21 'Render Unto Caesar'
The Taxes to The Emperor	De Belasting aan De Keizer 2
Then the Pharisees went and plotted how they might entangle Him in His talk.	Daarop gingen de farizeeën heen, en beraadslaagden, hoe ze hem in zijn eigen woorden zouden verstrikken.
And they sent him their disciples with the Herodians, saying "Teacher, we know that You are true, and teach the way of God in truth; nor do you care about anyone, for You do not regard the person of men."	Ze zonden hun leerlingen met de aanhangers van Herodes op Hem af met de vraag: Meester, we weten dat Gij oprecht zijt, de weg van God naar waarheid leert, en niemand naar de ogen ziet, want Gij kent geen aanzien des persoons.
"Tell us, therefore, what do You think? Is it lawful to pay taxes to Caesar, or not?"	Zeg ons dus: wat dunkt U; is het geoorloofd de keizer belasting te betalen, of niet?
But Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, "Why do you test me, you hypocrites?"	Jezus kende hun boosheid, en sprak, Huichelaars, wat stelt gij Mij op de proef?
"Show me the tax money." So they brought him a denarius.	Laat mij de cijnspenning zien. Ze hielden hem een tienling voor.
And he said to them: "Whose image and inscription is this?"	Jezus zeide hun: Wiens beeld en randschrift is dit?
They said to him: "Caesar's." And He said to them, "Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's"	Ze zeiden: Van de keizer. Hij sprak tot hen: Geeft dan de keizer, wat de keizer toekomt; en geeft aan God, wat God toekomt.
When they had heard these words, they marveled, and left him and went their way.	Toen ze dit hoorden, waren ze verwonderd; ze lieten Hem met rust, en gingen heen. more readings from the Bible

Note At the time of the Bible translations, Dutch boosheid and het boze still meant 'evil, wickedness,' while nowadays it means 'anger.'

The Simple Past Tense of Hebben ('to Have') and Zijn ('to Be')

present tense			past tense			present tense			past tense
hebben ik heb jij hebt hij heeft wij hebben jullie hebben zij hebben U heeft	to have I have you have he has we have you have they have you have		ik had jij had hij had wij hadden jullie hadden zij hadden U had	I had you had he had we had you had they had you had		zijn ik ben jij bent hij is wij zijn jullie zijn zij zijn U bent	to be I am you are he is we are you are they are you are		ik was jij was hij was wij waren jullie waren zij waren U was	I was you were he was we were you were they were you were		(you - singular informal) (you - plural informal) (you - singular polite)
'U hebt' is also said.

Note that the A in the past tense of zijn is short in the singular, but long in the plural: ik was / wij waren . You'll see that often in the past tense of strong verbs with A.

<< previous - verbs central - next >>

Adjectives, Adverbs and Nouns: Word Order 1

- bijvoeglijk naamwoord 2

- bijwoord 2

After studying the Adjectives and Adverbs on this page, test your understanding in the Flashcards Exercise (first of four) and the Listening Test

You have seen adjectives with nouns several times already in these lessons. Adjectives are almost always in front of, directly before the nouns they modify.

rode rozen red roses een half ei half an egg een halve theelepel ½ teaspoon een hoge katterug a cat's arched back droog brood 2 dry bread (no cheese etc.) wilde aardbeien wild strawberries openbaar vervoer public transportation maartse buien 2 March showers

absoluut gehoor perfect pitch elektrische gitaar electric guitar elektronisch orgel 2 3 electronic organ akoestische bas acoustic bass staande bas upright bass wijze woorden words of wisdom de vrije wereld 2 the free world gelijke rechten equal rights

De Zeven Zeeën 2 The Seven Seas Het Zwarte Woud 2 The Black Forest (Germany) De Grote Muur 2 The Great Wall (of China) De Verenigde Staten 2 The United States

Nieuw Guinea 2 New Guinea het nieuwe land 2 the new, reclaimed land Nederlands-Indië 2 The Dutch Indies Karel de Grote 2 [Charles the Great] Charlemagne

• Adjectives ending in single E‑N don't add E's. Many past participles and materials adjectives end in ‑EN. Verloren dagen ('lost days')
• Words already ending in single E don't add an extra E. There are only a few words like this, I can only think of the colors oranje 2 3 - roze - mauve and beige 2. (The last three are pronounced as French words.)
  (Words ending in EE do add an E: gedwee / gedweeë 2 docile, pliable)
• Numbers don't change, no E's added to numbers: vier dagen - vijf minuten 2 (maybe numbers are not adjectives, strictly speaking)
• 'Het' words (in singular) with the indefinite article een, 'n ("a") - één 2 3 ("one") - geen ("no, zero") or no article at all don't add an ‑E to the adjective. (Poetic license allows occasional dropping of the adjective‑E with 'het,' I think in root words of two or more syllables.)

de mars was lang the march was long de lange mars the long march een lange mars a long march geen lange mars not a long march het verhaal was lang the story was long het lange verhaal the long story een lang verhaal a long story geen lang verhaal not a long story het houten schip the wooden ship een houten schip a wooden ship het verdronken land the flooded, drowned land dit stopcontact is niet geaard this power outlet is not grounded een geaard stopcontact a grounded power outlet de geaarde stekker the grounded power plug

de lelijke eend the ugly duck een lelijke eend an ugly duck het lelijke eendje the ugly duckling een lelijk eendje an ugly duckling geen lelijk eendje 2 not an (no) ugly duckling The Citroën '2CV' model is affectionately known as de lelijke eend ('the ugly duck') or simply eend ('duck') - more Citroën het was slecht weer it was bad weather het slechte weer the bad weather het was zwaar weer It was [heavy] very bad weather as an adverb: het weer was slecht 2 the weather was bad

de sinaasappels zijn oranje - de oranje sinaasappels

de huid is roze - de roze huid

Amerikaanse schoffel 'American (scuffle) hoe'

In die tijd hadden we allemaal lang haar. At the time, all of us had long hair

(het) gebroken zwaard 2 ('broken sword')

The Beauty and Logic of Dutch Spelling

In slow speech, words break up in syllables: let-ter-gre-pen 2 (lettergrepen singular: (de) lettergreep ) In Dutch, syllables are organized around vowels.

• Syllables usually start with a consonant, though in rare cases, a single vowel can be a syllable, for instance cre-a-tie (creatie )
• If there is only one consonant between vowels, that consonant almost always goes to the second syllable, for instance: schui-ne (schuine ) - ou-de (oude )
• if there is more than one consonant between vowels, at least one is usually left at the end of the first syllable, and as many as can be conveniently pronounced together go to the second syllable, for instance: vas-te (vaste 2) - mees-te (meeste ) - laat-ste (laatste 2) - wed-strijd (wedstrijd 2) - ge-krenk-te (gekrenkte )

• 'Open syllables' end in a vowel.
• 'Closed syllables' end in a consonant.

• a single vowel in a closed syllable is short.
• a single vowel in an open syllable is long (except E at the end of a word, which is almost always voiceless.)
• a long vowel in a closed syllable has to be written as a double vowel.

Adding the E's for adjectives does not further change the pronunciation of the root word much, but it adds a syllable. If there was only one consonant at the end of the root word, there may be a problem, because that consonant will go to the new syllable of the E-ending, leaving a previously 'closed' syllable 'open,' but the length of the previously last vowel of the root word is not going to change.

• If the vowel is short, written as a single character, the consonant needs to be doubled, to close the syllable and keep the vowel short:

slap	laf 2	vol	los	wit 2
slappe (slap-pe)	laffe (laf-fe) 2	volle (vol-le) 2	losse (los-se)	witte (wit-te)

• If the vowel is long, and was written as a double character, it is now written as a single character, because the syllable is now open. A single vowel in an open syllable is always long, except E at the end of a word.

laag 2	hoog	leeg	groot 2	heel 2
lage (la-ge)	hoge (ho-ge)	lege (le-ge) 2	grote (gro-te) 2	hele (he-le)

• Words that have a voiceless E or a voiceless‑E sound in their last syllable only add the E-ending:

mager	wankel 2	heilig	duidelijk	redelijk 2
magere (ma-ge-re) 2	wankele (wan-ke-le) 2	heilige (hei-li-ge)	duidelijke (dui-de-lij-ke)	redelijke (re-de-lij-ke)

• Diphthongs and IE are always 'long.' Words with diphthongs or IE as their last vowel also do not further change by adding the adjectives‑E:

diep 2	klein 2	rijk	flauw	goed 2
diepe (die-pe)	kleine (klei-ne)	rijke (rij-ke)	flauwe (flau-we)	goede (goe-de)

• Root words ending in more than one consonant do not change:

lang 2	kort 2 3 4	vast	hard	zacht
lange (lan-ge)	korte (kor-te) 2	vaste (vas-te) 2	harde (har-de) 2	zachte (zach-te) 2
Vlaams	meest	naakt 2	gevreesd 2	geslaagd 2
Vlaamse (Vlaam-se) 2	meeste (mees-te)	naakte (naak-te)	gevreesde (ge-vrees-de) 2	geslaagde (ge-slaag-de)

Systematic Examples

Short Vowel dik / dikke 2 3 fat, thick dun / dunne 2 skinny, thin dom / domme stupid, dumb krom / kromme crooked, bent los / losse 2 loose slim / slimme 2 clever vol / volle full wit / witte 2 3 white stil / stille 2 silent, quiet vet / vette 2 fat, greasy laf / laffe cowardly dof / doffe 2 dull, not shiny snel / snelle quick, fast al / alle all

Long Vowel breed / brede 2 wide bloot / blote naked, nude groot / grote 2 big, large, tall, great hoog / hoge high laag / lage low waar / ware 2 true zwaar / zware heavy geel / gele yellow rood / rode red sloom / slome 2 slow, indolent schoon / schone clean / (beautiful) duur / dure 2 expensive, dear zuur / zure 2 sour, acid gewoon / gewone 2 common, usual dankbaar / dankbare grateful vruchtbaar / vruchtbare 2 fertile goedkoop / goedkope cheap, inexpensive algemeen / algemene general langzaam / langzame 2 slow

'Last Syllable with Voiceless E' mager / magere 2 skinny, thin ander / andere 2 other ieder / iedere every bijzonder / bijzondere special helder / heldere clear donker / donkere dark beter / betere better lekker / lekkere 2 enjoyable enkel / enkele single; a few edel / edele noble lelijk / lelijke 2 ugly duidelijk / duidelijke clear, obvious vriendelijk / vriendelijke kind, friendly enig / enige only; any; some zuinig / zuinige frugal ernstig / ernstige serious veilig / veilige safe vorig / vorige previous grappig / grappige funny, entertaining

Diphthongs blauw / blauwe 2 blue klein / kleine 2 small, little oud / oude old koud / koude cold goed / goede good, well lauw / lauwe 2 tepid rijk / rijke rich belangrijk / belangrijke 2 important vuil / vuile 2 dirty bruin / bruine brown groen / groene green zwoel / zwoele 2 sultry leuk / leuke 2 nice, enjoyable

Ending in Two or More Consonants kort / korte short lang / lange long vals / valse 2 false vast / vaste 2 firm, fixed, connected zacht / zachte soft hard / harde hard (not soft,) solid arm / arme poor licht / lichte light zwart / zwarte black volgend / volgende 2 next vervelend / vervelende 2 unpleasant, annoying zulk / zulke such

Ending in Two or More Consonants geslaagd / geslaagde successful gevreesd / gevreesde feared, dreaded naakt / naakte nude, naked Spaans / Spaanse Spanish Vlaams / Vlaamse Flemish verkeerd / verkeerde wrong, mistaken vreemd / vreemde 2 strange, unusual, foreign paars / paarse purple barbaars / barbaarse barbaric benauwd / benauwde scary, fearful (difficulty breathing) bekend / bekende 2 well-known beroemd / beroemde famous berucht / beruchte notorious, infamous

De Nederlandse vlag is rood - wit - blauw 2 3

Do notice the exceptional EE (Dutch IE) pronunciation of IJ in bijzonder / bijzondere ('special.') You may have noticed that above I say langzaam / langzame 2 ('slow') with S instead of Z. When I say it with a clear Z it doesn't sound right: langzaam / langzame de Nederlandse taal 2 the Dutch language de zuinige motor the fuel-efficient engine de zuinige huisvrouw the frugal housewife een aardige man a nice, kind man een keurig meisje 'a proper, well-behaved girl' het gegeven paard the [given] gift horse een gegeven paard 2 a [given] gift horse de Spaanse Furie 'the Spanish Fury' (unpaid, mutinous Spanish soldiers on the rampage in 1576 Antwerp) de dikke en de dunne 2 'the fat one and the skinny one' - Laurel & Hardy gedeelde smart is halve smart [shared grief means halved grief] sharing grief makes it easier to bear beter ten halve gekeerd, dan ten hele gedwaald 2 it's better to turn around halfway than to err all the way vrouwelijk / vrouwelijke ('female, feminine, womanly') mannelijk 2 / mannelijke ('male, masculine, manly')

Exceptions, Unusual Cases

• -UW is always long. An ‑E ending doesn't further change it:
  ruw 2 - ruwe (ru-we)
  
• Diphthongs at the end of a word don't break up when the adjective‑E is added:
  lui - luie (lui-e)
  (spelling rules say the syllable break is lui-e.)
• Double vowels followed by I do not further change:
  mooi - mooie (mooi-e)
  (Spelling rules say the syllable break is mooi-e. Breaking off as mo-ie would look silly and IE would not be pronounced correctly.)
• A very small number of adverbs/adjectives end in ‑EE. Their adjective‑E will have a trema to indicate a syllable break. The adjective‑E is pronounced separately:
  wee - weeë 2 (wee-e) - notice the a faint Y-sound (Dutch J) inserted between EE and E
  Compare pronunciation with: geëerd 2 (ge-eerd)
  Something similar is found in officieel / officiële 2 ('official, formal') - do note that officieel does not have a trema.
• The -ISCH ending (pronounced as English ‑EES, Dutch ‑IES) does not further change from adding the adjective ‑E:
  automatisch automatische (au-to-ma-tisch au-to-ma-ti-sche)
• Similar to English life / lives, a few adjectives shift from an F in the root word to V, or from S to Z when an ‑E ending is added. It is found in verbs too, and some plurals have a similar feature. It is further explained in the page about plurals. >>
  braaf / brave 2 - boos / boze - actief / actieve 2 3 - naïef / naïeve 2 - grijs / grijze
• There is a tendency to soften certain D's, but students shouldn't worry about it. You'll hear it from Dutchmen, but it's perfectly all right to voice the full D's.
  oude ouwe - rode rooie - dode dooie 2 - goede goeie 2
• I used to think that moe 2 3 ('tired') was only an adverb, because you can't say moe-e (moeë.) It sounds very wrong. But later I thought you can say 'een moe kind' 2 ('a tired child') - it sounds OK. So you can use moe  for singular het-words after een, geen  or no article. In other cases use (vermoeid ) / vermoeide for 'tired.' See also Medical
  A previous generation said 'moede' for the adjective, but that's really old-fashioned now, only found in a few standard phrases.
  Het moede hoofd neerleggen 2 3 'laying down the weary head' - to die, after a life of much worry

schuw / schuwe timid, very shy sluw / sluwe 2 sly, mean-clever vrij / vrije free nabij / nabije 2 near

saai / saaie boring, not exciting gedwee / gedweeë 2 docile, pliable electrisch / electrische electric, electrical komisch / komische 2 comical, funny

After studying the Adjectives and Adverbs, test your understanding in the Flashcards Exercise - (old version) and the Listening Test

Major Exceptions to Phonetic Spelling: Page 1 - Page 2

Hear for Yourself, Hear the Dutch Letters in Hundreds of Words:
 AU/OU  CH  E  EI/IJ  EU  F  G  H  L  OE  SCH  U  UI  W  X  Y

Adjectives as Nouns

iets moois 2 3	Something beautiful, a beautiful thing
iets kleins 2	Something small, a small thing, a little thing
niks nieuws 2 3	nothing new
Heb je niks beters te doen? 2 3	[Have you nothing better to do?] - Don't you have something better to do?
Ik heb wel wat beters te doen 2 3	I really have something better to do (I don't have time for the other thing)
Vertel eens wat leuks 2	Tell us something amusing
Heb je wat leuks gedaan in het weekend?	Did you do something nice in the weekend?
Heeft U iets vegetarisch?	Would you have something vegetarian?
Wil je koffie of thee of iets fris? 2 3	Would you like coffee or tea or ["something cold"] a soda or fruit juice?
't Betekent heel iets anders 2	It means something completely different
Ik ben met iets anders bezig 2 3	I'm busy with (working on, occupied with) something else
't Heeft iets geheimzinnigs 2	[It has something mysterious] There is something mysterious to it, it is a bit mysterious
Er is iets mis 2 3	There is something wrong
Misschien is het iets onschuldigs	Maybe it's something [innocent] harmless
Ik heb zo'n zin in iets lekkers 2	I [have a great desire for] would really like someting tasty (usually sweet) now
Er is iets heel ergs gebeurd 2 3 4	Something [very] really bad happened

I thought that 'het nieuws' 2 'the news' and alles 2 'everything, all' could also be adjectives turned nouns, but my Van Dale dictionary says they're old possessive forms. (English 'the news' is from a French plural)

Heb je het nieuws gehoord? 2 3

Have you heard the news?

See also: 'niets' and 'niks' and 'wat' and 'iets'
- and Verbs as Nouns and Adjectives

<< previous - word order central - next >>

Walkabout

(de) deur 2

(de) drempel

(het) kleed

(het) kastje

(de) tafel

(de) stoel

(de) eettafel

(het) tafeltje 2

(de) krukjes

(de) luie stoel

(de) luie stoel

(de) bank

(de) bloemen 2

(de) plant

(de) kaars

(de) lamp

(de) lamp

(de) gloeilampen

(het) lichtknopje

(het) lichtknopje

(de) schakelaar

(het) stopcontact 2	(de) stekkers
Thank you Justin Hodges for suggesting the walkabout

Erg - a confusing word

Ze waren erg arm.	2	They were very poor.
Hij is erg blij.		He is very glad.
Ik vind het heel erg.		I think it's really bad, I'm upset over it.
Ik hoop dat je het niet erg vindt.		I hope you don't [think it's bad] mind.
See also: Disambiguation: 'Erg' and Common Problems

Inches and Feet to Meters and Centimeters (2)

100 centimeters = 1 meter = 39.37 inches = 3.281 feet

feet to meters (m)

1 foot = 0.3048 meters = 30.48 centimeter		1 meter = 3.281 feet

yards to meters (m)

1 yard = 0.9144 meter		1 meter = 1.093 yard		1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inches

miles to kilometers (km)

1 mile = 1.60934 kilometer		1 kilometer = 0.62137 miles		1 kilometer = 1000 meters
1 mile = 5280 feet = 1760 yards
Please drive carefully			more dimensions

lang long, tall (de) lengte 2 length

breed wide (de) breedte width - "breadth"

diep 2 deep (de) diepte 2 depth

hoog high (de) hoogte 2 height

dik fat - "thick" (de) dikte 2 thickness

(de) doorsnede 2 ['cross-cut, cut-through'] - diameter - also: average

(de) diameter diameter

(de) straal radius (circle)

(de) omtrek circumferfence, outline

(het) oppervlak 2 area

(de) oppervlakte 2 area

(de) afstand distance

(de) millimeter 1mm = 1/1000 m

(de) centimeter 1cm = 1/100 m

((de) decimeter ) (1dm = 1/10 m)

(de) meter m

(de) kilometer 1km=1000m

In Dutch, the units of measure are rarely used in the plural (except in time) - 1 meter, 2 meter 2

lang long, tall kort short

breed wide smal narrow

(wijd wide) (nauw narrow)

hoog high laag low

ver far ver weg far away dichtbij close

The Education System in Holland

(het) onderwijs education (de) school school

lager 'lower, elementary, basic' middelbaar 'intermediate' hoger 'higher, advanced'

(het) klaslokaal classroom (de) opleiding 'training, academy'

(de) kleuterschool kindergarten (de) lagere school elementary school (de) basisschool 'basic school' (de) middelbare school secondary school (het) rapport 2 schoolchildren's grades sheet (quarterly)

(de) leerling 2 student (elementary and secondary school level) (de) eerste klas first grade ordinal numbers groep één group one numbers 1-10 blijven zitten [to stay put] repeat a grade (de) scholier student (secondary school level)

(de) onderwijzeres	teacher (female, elementary school level)
"juffrouw"	address
(de) onderwijzer	teacher (male, elementary school level)
"meester"	address
(de) lerares	teacher (female, secondary school level)
"mevrouw"	address
(de) leraar	teacher (male, secondary school level)
"meneer"	address

(het) examen 2 3 'exam' at the end of a school or a training

'Tests' at school:
(de) repetitie 2 elementary school and secondary school
(het) proefwerk 2 3 elementary school and secondary school
(het) tentamen 2 3 at college and university level

spijbelen 2 ('play truant, play hooky' - being absent from school without a good reason
(de) spijbelaar 2 3 ('truant')

You can say leraar Spaans 2 3 'teacher of Spanish, Spanish teacher' and leraar natuurkunde 'physics teacher.' For most subjects you can make compound words like wiskundeleraar 2 3 'math teacher' - but not for the languages, because the names of the languages can also be adjectives for the countries. 'De Spaanse leraar' would be 'the teacher from Spain' - 'de Spaanse leraar scheikunde'  or 'de Spaanse scheikundeleraar'  is 'the chemistry teacher from Spain.'

Hij zit in de tweede klas 2 'He's in second grade'
(Het) cijfer 'mark, grade' (on an exam or test - in Holland: 1-10 ->>)
(de/het) voldoende 2 3 ['sufficient'] - 'passing grade' - (de/het) onvoldoende 2 3 ['insufficient'] - 'failing grade'

The secondary school system in Holland is highly stratified. Students go to a wide variety of schools, from vocational training to humanities and sciences education preparing for university, and several levels in between. In the last grade of elementary school all children take a nationwide test and in consultations between parents and teachers a school type is chosen. Often the first grade of a secondary school is a (de) brugklas ('bridging class') that still allows choosing from various levels for the next grade.
Starting in the Middle Ages, children of the rich and noble were educated at 'Latin Schools,' originally run by the clergy; but in the Nineteenth Century, many governments in the West worked towards improving the education of a larger part of the population. The factories of the Industrial Revolution needed more skilled workers and managers, and the equality ideals of the French Revolution may have played a part.
1. Elementary schools for all children were introduced in the early Nineteenth Century.
2. In the Middle Ages and later, the guilds provided vocational training; but in the 19th Century, the government set up a school type teaching practical jobs like carpentry, at first called (de) ambachtsschool ((het) ambacht is now an old-fashioned word for trade, handicraft) and later called (de) LTS - Lagere Technische School ('lower technical school.') Girls would go to (de) huishoudschool ('homemaking school' - het huishouden is 'housekeeping.')
3. In the 1860s a high-level secondary school type open to all qualifying students was created, called (de) HBS - Hogere Burgerschool ("higher citizens' school" - higher school, not higher citizens.) The Latin school lived on as (het) Gymnasium - its curriculum became similar to the HBS, just adding Latin and Greek. For the future wives of the leading citizens there was (de) MMS - Middelbare Meisjesschool ("intermediate girls' school") - originally a kind of finishing school. This school type no longer exists.
In the higher grades of the HBS students would choose between a commerce/languages stream, and a math and sciences stream. Passing the HBS or Gymnasium final exam ((het) eindexamen ) allowed further study at the University. In time, restrictions on girls to attend HBS and Gymnasium were lifted.
Between Trades Education and HBS/Gymnasium there was (de) ULO - Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs and the more extensive MULO - Middelbaar Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs

In the 1960s and 70s the Dutch secondary education was streamlined, making transfer between school types easier. Because of its large scope the law describing the changes was called de Mammoetwet Also, in the old system there were just a few different streams to choose from, but now students can put together their personal package of subjects to study. Trades education became (het) voorbereidend beroepsonderwijs ((het) beroepsonderwijs ) - the Gymnasium kept its name, but the HBS became (het) Atheneum and the levels in between are now called MAVO - Middelbaar Algemeen Vormend Onderwijs ('intermediate general education') and HAVO - Hoger Algemeen Vormend Onderwijs ('higher general education.')

After secondary school, there is again a wide variety of further education, from University to (het) beroepsonderwijs providing practical training, and many schools in between.
In Holland (like in most of Europe) College and Graduate School were integrated, there were no independent colleges. Very few students would leave university with only a Bachelor's degree (kandidaats ) - almost all students graduated with a Master's degree (doctoraal ) - but maybe it's no longer like that. Alles blijft veranderen 2 ('everything keeps changing.') Ik kan het niet meer bijhouden 2 ('I can't keep up with it.') It looks like the European Union has decided on an American-style University system.

kweekschool	old-fashioned name for 'teaching academy' (training elementary school teachers)
pedagogische academie	modern name for 'teaching academy'
kunstacademie	art school
HTS Hogere Technische School	'Higher Technical School'
(de) universiteit	university
(het) college	university class - also: a board, a group of important people
college lopen	to attend classes at a university
college geven 2	to teach a class at a university
(de) student	student (at a university)
(de) doctorandus (drs.)	person with a general Master's degree
(de) ingenieur (ir.)	person with an engineering Master's degree
(de) meester in de rechten (mr.)	person with a Law school degree ->>
(de) doctor (dr.)	person with a PhD
(de) dokter	medical doctor
(het) kandidaats	'Bachelor's degree'
(het) doctoraal	'Master's degree'
(de) promotie	PhD degree defense & ceremony
(het) proefschrift 2	PhD thesis
(de) professor	professor

hoogleraar 2

Dominee

predikant

(De) wetenschapper 2

The Dutch verb leren means both 'to teach' and 'to learn.' Which one is ususally clear from the context. The 'to teach' meaning is often combined with a personal pronoun or a name.
leren to teach // to learn	-	ik leer I'm learning	-	wij leren we're learning	-	ik leerde I learned	-	wij leerden we learned	-	ik heb geleerd I have learned		2

Leer de regels ('learn the rules')
Leer me de regels ('teach me the rules')
Ik heb veel geleerd 2 3 I have learned [much] many things Ik heb jullie veel geleerd 2 I have taught you guys [much] many things Hij leerde fietsen in Nederland 2 3 He learned to ride a bike in Holland Wat hebben we ervan geleerd? 2 What have we learned from it? What did it teach us? Jullie moeten nog veel leren 2 3 You guys still have a lot to learn Ik heb 't van jou geleerd 2 [I've learned it from you] - You taught it to me leren van fouten 2 3 learning from mistakes
de tijd zal 't leren 2 time will [teach] tell
Ik heb een paar jaar pianoles gehad I have had piano lessons for a [couple of] few years. Maar ik had beter gitaar kunnen leren spelen But learning to play the guitar would have [been better] made more sense.
(de) geleerde 2 3 'learned' person, scholar, scientist (old-fashioned)
(het) geleerde 2 3 the material, knowledge and skill that was learned
- more leren - 2
For 'to teach' you can also say les geven
((de) les / lessen 2 'lesson/lessons' - geven 2 'to give' >>)
or (as I said above) college geven 2 'to teach classes at a university.'
Ik geef Nederlands ('I am a teacher of Dutch')
ik leer jullie Nederlands 2 ('I'm teaching you Dutch.')
A more formal word for 'to teach' is onderwijzen 2 3 - a strong verb:

onderwijzen to teach

-

onderwees taught

-

onderwezen taught

2

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Don't be a dief (thief) / dievegge (female thief) - diefstal (theft) - stelen (to steal) - heler (dealer in stolen goods) - hear Dutch - 2