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Easy Dutch: Recognizable Words - Pronunciation and Vocabulary

More Easy Dutch: Recognizable Words by Subject - Recognizable Verbs: Common Activities

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A collection of Dutch words that are easily recognizable or similar to English words, to help you build vocabulary.
By comparing Dutch and English words that are recognizable or look similar you'll also quickly come to understand the differences between Dutch and English pronunciation and spelling.
A companion page shows Dutch and English False Friends, words that look identical but have a different meaning - also in a shorter version.

The page has both basic and specialized words, for students at many levels. See and hear the words that don't look useful to you just as spelling and pronunciation examples. You can always come back again later.
The words on these pages are not a complete basic vocabulary - but a good and easy start.
If the approach on this page doesn't appeal to you, there are many other pages on my site you might like better: site map.

The Common Roots of Dutch and English		Dutch and English		Recognizable Words		'Long' and 'Short' Vowels

Letters Rarely Dropped		Voiceless (Unstressed) E - the 'schwa'		Common Word Endings

Short A		Long A		AU and OU		End-of-Word B		CH and G		End-of-Word D	Short E		Long E		the 'schwa' E		EEUW		EI/IJ		EU

short I		Long I		I After a Vowel		IEUW		-IG Ending		-ISCH Ending		Dutch J		KN		-LIJK Ending		NG

Short O		Long O		OE		OU and AU		PS		SCH		SCHR		SJ		TH		TJ, TS, TSJ and English CH

Short U		Long U		UI		W		WR

Dimensions and Units of the Metric System		No Translation Necessary		Special Mention		Dutch and English 2

The Common Roots of Dutch and English

Dutch and English both developed from the language of the Germanic tribes that lived thousands of years ago in Southern Scandinavia and in the North of what's now Germany. About 2300 years ago those tribes started to expand into a wider area and internal contacts became less intense, changes were no longer shared while settling in new environments and ('boldly') meeting other civilisations brought new words. Over the years, local dialects became separate languages.
The Germanic tribes are the ancestors of most of the present-day Norwegians, Swedes, Danes, Germans, Austrians, Swiss, Flemish, Dutch and English people. 'Germanic' is not the same as 'German.' Germans are only a part of that group. The Dutch word for the 'Germanic' people is Germanen

and the Indo-European culture and languages are often called Indogermaans

. The Dutch word for 'Germans' is Duitsers

‑>>.

Dutch and English

Looking at a Dutch text, you'll notice a few words that are similar to English, for instance basic verb forms like is, was and had, and common words like in, wind, warm and water. But only a few - it was with some difficulty that I thought up this contrived and a bit silly Dutch sentence that looks very much like English, and has the same meaning:

Het water in de tent was warm.
The water in the tent was warm.

(The line already shows one of the the basic problems with Dutch for foreign students: the definite article ('the') has two forms: de and het. A majority of Dutch words are de-words, but there are few good rules. You'll have to memorize the het-words ‑>>.)

Unfortunately, when you hear the line, it doesn't sound as familiar as it looked.

Het water in de tent was warm.

In English, most of the vowels and some of the consonants are not represented by the same letters as in Dutch, and some Dutch sounds are not found in English. But still, when you hear Dutch you may recognize some words by their sound, even if they don't look the same in writing, like in these lines:

De beer dronk bier.

The bear drank beer.

Alle hens aan dek!

2
All hands on deck!

Het is niet ver.

2
It's not far.

Het is laat.

It is late.

De zon scheen de hele dag.

The sun [shone] was shining
[the whole] all day.

Dat is goed nieuws!

That is good news!

Even words that mean about the same may sound rather different, and many words that sound familiar look different. It is unfortunate that when people started writing there was no international conference over which letters should represent which sounds in all languages.
Words from a common root sometimes changed meaning, while staying in the same area, like Dutch poort

is not a harbor but a 'gate,' like in 'city gate,' and Dutch penseel

2 is not a 'pencil' but a small paintbrush. ('Pencil' is potlood

- lood

2 is the metal 'lead.')

Recognizable Words: Cognates and Shared Loan Words

Some of the words that look or sound similar in Dutch and English come from words already used by the Germanic tribes of 2000 years ago - those are called 'cognates.' ‑>> Many other words that look familiar are shared loan words (leenwoorden

.) A large number of the shared words come from Latin, both from the time as part of the Roman Empire - for instance tafel

('table') - and later from the Medieval Roman Catholic Church, like the names of the months. ‑>>
French also had a massive influence on both English and Dutch, though at different times and not always in the same spheres. More foreign languages also provided some words, like jakhals

2 ('jackall') from Persian; and last but not least there are English words in Dutch and also a few Dutch words in English.
Some of the recognizable words may just look alike by coincidence, or just in my mind.
My short translations may also not do justice to the full meaning of the words.

'Long' and 'Short' Vowels

Before we start on the words I have to explain something about how Dutch spelling shows the pronunciation of vowels.
Dutch vowels have two forms, traditionally called 'long' and 'short' - though the difference is actually more of tone.

A
short:

long:

E
short:

long:

voiceless, unstressed:

I
short:

long:

O
short:

long:

U
short:

long:

There is no sound in English like Dutch 'long U.'

zoon ('son')		Double vowels (aa, ee, oo, uu and 'long i,' written as IE) are always 'long.'
zo ('so' ) zonen (zo-nen)* ('sons')		Single vowels at the end of the word or syllable are 'long' - except E at the end of a word, which is almost always 'voiceless' (unstressed): .
zon ('sun') zonnen (zon-nen) ('suns')		Single vowels followed by a consonant at the end of the word or syllable are short.

Simpler Rule
The problem is of course: Where to divide syllables? You may read the complete rules - but a simple (though incomplete) version is that in the middle of a word a single vowel is long when followed by a single consonant and another vowel, and short when followed by two or more consonants. It's a bit like the English 'silent E' (can/cane, pin/pine, hug/huge) - but in Dutch the E or other following vowel is not silent. Many final E's are voiceless ('unstressed.')
Double consonants are pronounced the same as single consonants - they're not 'longer,' and there's no pause in between.

Letters Rarely Dropped

Unlike in English, almost all letters in Dutch are pronounced. There are no silent E's in Dutch.

alle

'all, every'

heel

2
heel / hele

'whole'

lengte

'length'

wake

2 'wake'

kalf / kalveren

2 'calf/calves'

palm

2 'palm'
palmen

2 'palms'

Voiceless (Unstressed) E - also called: 'schwa'

Like in English, many E's in Dutch are 'voiceless' ('unstressed.') -E and -EN at the end of words of more than one syllable are almost always 'voiceless,' but there are unfortunately no other good rules that could tell you which E's are 'voiceless' - I'm afraid this is one of the most difficult points of Dutch pronunciation for foreign students. more - 2 - 3

2 'the' (1) ‑>>

'the' (2)
'it' -‑>>

ossen

2 'oxen'

vinden

2 'to find' ‑>>

jongen

'boy'
think of: young 'un

Common Word Endings

Many of the Dutch plurals and almost all verb infinitives have an -EN

(voiceless E + N) ending: plurals - verbs
Many Dutchmen (maybe even a majority of the population) do not pronounce those N's at the end of plurals and verb infinitives, but I advise students not to drop those N's. Because they are always written, not pronouncing them adds a rule; and pronouncing those N's is still standard Dutch and I think it sounds better.
In most positions, Dutch adjectives end in -E ('voiceless, unstressed' E

): adjectives
But there is not something like the -LY ending of English adverbs.

Short A

(Scroll Up for page introduction - top)

Similar to English A in FATHER and DARK but a little shorter, hear Dutch mast 2 'mast'

arm 2	'arm' (body part) 'poor'
kar 2	'cart'
park	'park'
markt	'market'
hard	'hard' (not soft) 'fast' (not slow)
harp 2	'harp'
half halve	'half'
vast	'fast' (not loose)
kalm 2	'calm'
kasteel	'castle'
hart	'heart'

kat	'cat'
rat	'rat'
pak	'pack, packet' 'suit'
pan 2	'pan, pot'
bank	'bank' 'bench'
stap	'step'
dans 2 dansen 2	'dance' 'to dance'
plant	'(living) plant'
lamp	lamp
gras 2	'grass'
appel	'apple'

zalm	'salmon'
plan	'plan'
plank	'plank. board'
rasp 2	'rasp'
stank 2	'stench, stink, bad smell'
atlas 2 3	atlas
abstrakt	abstract

barsten	'to burst'

kam 2	'comb'

val	'fall, drop' 'trap'
alle	'all, every'
alles 2	'all, everything'
bal ballen	'ball' 'balls'
vals vals /valse 2	'false'

vlam	'flame'
bas 2	'bass' (music)
april	'April' ‑>>
hark	'rake'
stal 2	'stable, pen'
bakker 2 bakken	'baker' 'to bake'

Changed Meaning		akker 'agriculture field' think of: 'acre'		smal 'narrow' think small		varken 2 'pig' think of: 'pork'		zak 2 'bag' - 'pocket' think of: 'sack'		blad 'leaf' think of: 'blade'

zalf

cream, ointment
zalven

2 to anoint; to apply a cream
think of: 'salve'

krat

2 'special type of box for (beer) bottles,
think of: 'crate'

krant

'newspaper'
think of: 'current (events)' *

dal

2 'valley'
think of: 'dale'

Long A

The only place in English where I can find a sound like Dutch long A is in the town of Chicago. Hear: Robert Johnson - Paul Butterfield - Barry Goldberg

slaap 2 slapen	'sleep' ‑>> 'to sleep' ‑>>
straat	'street' ‑>>
zaad	'seed'
baard 2	'beard'
staal	'steel'
baken	'beacon'
avond	'evening'

tafel 2 3 4	'table'
kabel	'cable'
maken	'to make'
naam 2	'name' ‑>>
navel 2	'navel, bellybutton'
laat	'late, not in time'
haat	'hate'
haast	'haste, hurry'
maat 2	'mate, comrade' also: 'size, measure'
later	'later'
krater	'crater'
kraan 2	'crane' also: 'faucet' ‑>>

haar	'her' ‑>> 'hair' ‑>>
aarde	'earth' 'soil'
normaal	'normal'
parel parels	'pearl' 'pearls' ‑>>
varen 2	'fern' 'to sail' ‑>>
sandalen 2	'sandals'
loyaal 2	'loyal'

maan	'moon' ‑>>
haak	'hook'

draak 2	'dragon'
haring	'herring' ‑>>

haar	'hair' 'her'
paar 2	'pair'
wapen wapens 2	'weapon' 'weapons, arms'
Vlaming 2	'Fleming'

havik 2	'hawk'
wafel 2	'waffle'

raadsel 2	'riddle' 'mystery'

vader	'father' ‑>>
laatste 2	'last, final'
maart	'March'
drama 2	'drama'

klaver 2	'clover' 'clubs' (cards)

kraken

'to creak' - also: 1. 'to break, crack' (a safe); 2. to open up a building for squatters

Changed Meaning		daad 'action' dader 2 'perpetrator' (think of: 'deed')		kamer 'room' think of: 'chamber'		aap 2 'monkey' think of: 'ape'		graad 'degree' graden 'degrees' (think of: 'grade')		royaal 2 'generous, ample' think of: 'royal'

AU/OU

see after W

End-of-Word B

B at the end of a word or before T is pronounced as P

rib

2 'rib'

krab

2 'crab'

2 'ebb, low tide'

lab

'lab(oratory)'

Job

(a Biblical and boys' name)

je hebt

2 'you have'

But at the beginning or in the middle of words, B is pronounced like English B

ribben

2 'ribs'

krabben

'crabs' - 'to scratch' (an itch)

baas

'boss'

bubbelbad

'bubble bath, jacuzzi'

dubbel

'double'

Bob

(a boys' name)

CH/G

There is no sound like Dutch CH and G in English, but it's similar to J in European Spanish, and something like it is found in Hebrew. It's like (softly) clearing your throat.
To native speakers of Dutch, there is a slight difference between CH and G, they are not exactly the same, but students shouldn't worry about it.

lach	'laugh'
lachen 2	'to laugh' ‑>>
zacht	'soft'

vlag	'flag'
vlaggen 2	'flags'
echo	'echo'
god	'god'
gas	'gas' (gas)
gast 2	'guest'
glas 2	'glass'
gras	'grass'
begin beginnen	'start, beginning' 'to start, begin' ‑>>
fragment	'fragment'
galg 2 3	'gallows'
gorgelen 2	'to gargle' ( )

nacht	'night'
acht	'8'
licht	'light'
vechten 2	'to fight' ‑>>
gevecht	'fight'
vlucht	'flight' 'escape'

rechts	'right' (not left)
rechten 2	'rights'
dag 2	'day' 'goodbye'
gisteren gister 2	'yesterday'
macht	'might, power'
zeggen	'to say' ‑>>

gedachte	'thought'
vrucht	'fruit'
morgen 2	'morning' (morn) 'tomorrow'
liggen	'to lie down' ‑>>
merg	'marrow'

Double Trouble		gaan 'to go' ‑>>		graan 'grain, cereal'		chaos 'chaos'		nagel 'nail' (human or animal)		hagel 'hail' (ice rain)		laag 2	'low' 'layer'

vaag

2
vaag / vage

'vague'

zagen

2 'to saw, cut wood'
zaag

'saw' (tool)

maag

'stomach'

Changed Meaning		achter 'behind' think of: 'after'		zicht 'visibility' - 'view' think of: 'sight'		vracht 2 2 'load, cargo' think of: 'freight'		weg 'road' - think of: 'way' weg 'gone' - think of: 'away'

bedrog

2 3 'deceit, deception'
think of: 'betray'

slachten

2 'to butcher'
slager

2 'butcher'
think of: 'slaughter'

gillen

2 'to shriek'
gil 2 'shriek'
think of: 'to yell'

bocht

2 'turn' (in road)
think of: 'bight'

End-of-Word D

D at the end of a word is pronounced as T:

bed

2 'bed'

vriend

2 'friend'

hand

'hand'

land

2 3 'land, country'

mild

'mild'

zand

2 'sand'

naald

'needle' ‑>>

stad

'city'

But D at the beginning or in the middle of a word is pronounced as English D

bedden

'beds'

vrienden

'friends'

adder

'adder'
(snake)

kelder

2 'cellar'

donder

'thunder'

dubbeldekker

2 'double decker, biplane'

Voiceless, Unstressed E, schwa

- see above

Short E

Very similar to E in English words like TEST and NECK.

nek	'neck'
pen	'pen' (writing)
test 2 3	'test'
best 2 best / beste 2	'best'
zelf 2	'self'
help! 2	'help me!' ‑>>
les lessen 2	'lesson' 'lessons'
vers 2 vers / verse 2 3	'fresh'
tent	'tent'
lens	'lens'
lengte 2	'length' ‑>>
smelten 2	'to melt' ‑>>

respect	'respect'
vertellen	'to tell'
zelden	'seldom'

vet	1. 'fat, grease' 2. 'greasy'
mens 2	'(man) human'
rek	'rack'
ik heb	'I have' ‑>>
enkel	1. 'ankle' 2. '~single'
hengelen 2 hengel	'to angle' (fishing) 'fishing (angling) rod'
hendel 2	'handle'
merrie 2 3	'mare'
Henk 2	'Hank'
Els	'Alice'

veld	'field'
lek	'leak; leaking'
pellen 2	'to peel'

melk 2	'milk' ‑>>
trekker	'trigger' 'tractor'

rechts	'right' (not left)

schep	'scoop; spoonful' 'shovel'

engel	'angel'

rennen 2	'to run' ‑>>
recept 2	1. 'recipe' ‑>> 2. 'prescription' ‑>>
berk 2	'birch' ‑>>

slenteren 2	'to saunter'

ster	'star'
ver	'far'
scherp	'sharp' 'spicy'

Changed Meaning		herfst 'Fall, Autumn' ‑>> think of: 'harvest'		lente 'Spring' think of: 'Lent'		lekker 2 'enjoyable, very good' (food, activity) - think of: 'to like'		bek 'animal mouth' think of: 'beak'

spel

'game'
think of: 'to play'

fles

'bottle'
think of: 'flask'

rente

2 'interest, return'
think of: 'rent'

trekken

2 'to pull' ‑>>
think of: 'to drag'

sterven

'to die' ‑>>
think of: 'to starve'

Long E

Very much like English 'long A' in words like MALE and DANE

beer	'bear'
peer	'pear'

slee 2	'sleigh, sled'
Deen	'Dane'

eerste 2	'first'
wereld 2	'world'

heet	'hot'
meester	'master'

beter	'better' ‑>>
neef	'nephew' ‑>> 'cousin' (male)
peper	'pepper' ‑>>
leer 2	'leather'
veer	1. 'feather' 2. 'ferry' 3. 'spring' (tensile)
vergeten	'to forget' ‑>>
zweren 2	'to swear' (oaths) ‑>>

eten	'to eat' ‑>> ‑>>
spreken	'to speak' ‑>>
zee	'sea'
stelen 2	'to steal' ‑>>
gemeen 2	'mean' (evil, unfair)
beest	'beast'
zeef	'sieve, strainer'
speer	'spear'

nee	'no'
steen 2	'stone'
zeep	'soap' ‑>>
meer 2	'more' ‑>> 'lake'
meest meest / meeste	'most'
heel heel / hele 2	'whole'
lening lenen 2	'loan' to lend, to loan
hees	'hoarse'

geven 2	'to give' ‑>>
greep 2	'grip'
teek	'tick' (bug)
leven 2	'to live' 'life'

kreet 2	'cry, shout'

twee	'2'

teer teer / teder	'tar' 'tender, fragile'

Double Trouble		regen 2 'rain' regenboog 'rainbow'		regel 2 'rule' - 'line, sentence'		Nederland 2 'Holland, The Netherlands'

Changed Meaning		mening 'opinion' think of: 'meaning'		beker 2 'mug, large cup' think of: 'beaker'		feest 2 'party' think of: 'feast'		vlees 'meat' think of: 'flesh'		zetel 'seat of power,' like in parliament - think of: 'seat'

steels

'furtively'
think of: 'stealth, stealthily'

breed

'wide'
think of: 'broad'

EI/IJ

EI and IJ represent the same sound, somewhere between FATE and FIGHT - hear Dutch: feit

('fact.')
There is no sound like Dutch EI/IJ in English, but it's very similar to French EI, like in soleil

2 ('sun') or Marseille

When you can't say the Dutch IJ, it is not a good idea to say these words with English A like in FATE. It's better to say these words with English I like in FIGHT. There are many Dutch words with a sound like A in FATE ('Dutch long E') that have a different meaning from words with EI or IJ.

mijn 2	'mine' (of me) 'mine' (dig)
dijk 2	'dike, levee'
lijn	'line'
prijs 2	'price'
ijs	'ice'
ijsberg 2	'iceberg'
ijzer 2 2	'iron'
rijst	'rice'
bijbel	'bible'
vijf	'5'
eiland 2	'island'

stijl	'style'
rijp 2 rijp / rijpe 2	'ripe'
vijl	'file' (tool)
rijden 2	'to ride' ‑>> 'to drive'

ei	'egg'
eind 2 einde 2	'end'
feit	'fact'
grijpen	'to grab' ‑>>

pijn	'pain'
trein	'train'
brein 2	'brain'
grijs 2 grijs / grijze	'grey'
zeil	'sail'
zeilen	'to sail' (wind-powered)
zeilboot	'sailboat'

bij	'bee' ('at, near')
vrij	'free'
leiden leider	'to lead' ‑>> 'leader'
partij	'(political) party' ‑>>
zij hij	'she' ‑>> 'he'
vallei	'valley'

geit 2	'goat'
eik	'oak'
rij 2	'row, line'

rijk	'rich'
lijst	'list' 'picture frame'
stijf	'stiff, not flexible'
grijns grijnzen 2	'grin' 'to grin'

Double Trouble		tijger 'tiger'		vijg 2 vijgen	'fig' 'figs'		gordijn 2 curtain		Changed Meaning		fijn 2 'pleasant' think of: 'fine'		spijker 'carpentry nail' think of: 'spike'

meisje

'girl'
think of: 'maiden, maid'

sein

'signal'
think of: 'sign'

vijand

2 'enemy'
think of: 'fiend'

smijten

2 'to throw angrily' ‑>>
think of: 'to smite'

kandij

2 'sugar crystals'
think of: 'candy'

meid

2 is a slang word for 'teenage girl' - plural: meiden

2
Zijde

for 'side' is a bit old-fashioned, but will be understood. The common word is kant

EU

There is no sound like Dutch EU in English, but French has a sound like it in words like deux

('2') and German has a sound like Dutch EU in some words with Ö or OE like Gödel

and Goethe

or schön

2 3 and you may have heard of the city of Göteborg

in Sweden.

deur 2	'door' ‑>>
neus	'nose' ‑>>
kreunen	'to groan'
veulen	foal (young horse)

heup	'hip' (body part)
heuvel	'hill'

serieus serieus / serieuze	'serious'
nerveus 2	'nervous'

kleur 2	'color' ‑>>
smeulen 2	'to smolder'

breuk 2	'break, crack'

leunen 2	'to lean'

preuts	'prudish'
deuntje	'a tune'

keus keuze	'choice'		Double Trouble		leugen 'lie, untruth'		Changed Meaning		gepeupel 2 'rabble, mob' think of: 'people'		kreupel 2 'lamed, crippled, not walking comfortably' - think of: 'cripple'

G

see CH/G

short I

Very similar to I in English DIM and HIT

in 2	'in; into'
is 2	'is'
vis	'fish' ‑>>
lip lippen	'lip' 'lips'
mist	'mist, fog'
inkt	'ink'
vernis 2 3	'varnish'

simpel 2	'simple'
zilver 2	'silver'
bitter	'bitter'
drinken	'to drink' ‑>>
zitten	'to sit' ‑>>
zinken 2	'to sink' ‑>>
film 2	'film, movie'

ik 2	'I'
blind 2	'blind'
mild	'mild'
vinden 2	'to find' ‑>>

cirkel	'circle'

hitte 2	'heat'
gist	'yeast'

fris 2	'fresh' 'chilly'

Changed Meaning		stil 2 1. 'quiet' 2. 'motionless' think of: 'still'		gemiddeld 2 'average' think of: 'middle'		plicht 2 'duty' think of: 'plight'		binden 2 'to tie' ‑>> think of: 'to bind'		verspilling 'waste' verspillen 'to waste' think of: 'spoil'

Long I (often written as IE)

Very much like EE in English STEEL or EA in English BEAT

hier 2	'here'
zie zien	'see!' 'to see' ‑>>
bier	'beer'
biet bietjes	'beet' 'red beets'
diep 2 diepte 2	'deep' 'depth'

niezen 2	'to sneeze'
briesje	'breeze'
koffie	'coffee' ‑>>
riet 2	'reed'
Piet 2 Pieter	'Pete' 'Peter'

tien 2	'10'

ziek	'sick' ‑>>
risico 2	risk
crimineel 2	'criminal' *
bandiet 2 bandieten 2	bandit bandits

papier 2	'paper'
manier 2	'manner, way of'
rivier	'river'
flexibel 2	'flexible'

verlies verliezen 2	'loss' 'to lose' ‑>>

vier	'4'
ziel	'soul'

idee	'idea'
virus	'virus'
friet 2 3 frietjes	'French fries'

Double Trouble		vlieg '(house) fly'		vliegen	1. 'flies' 2. 'to fly' ‑>>		liegen 'to lie, speak untruth'		archief 'archive'

Changed Meaning		dier 2 '(any) animal' think of: 'deer'		stier 2 'bull' think of: 'steer'		lief (lief / lieve ) 'dear' think of: 'love'		massief 'solid' think of: 'massive'

Dutch Spelling not Phonetic (first E's pronunced as EE, Dutch IE)

reëel

2 / reële

2 3 realistic // real, actual

creëren
to create

ik creëer
I'm creating

ik creëerde
I created

ik heb gecreëerd
I have created

but: (de) creatie

2 slow creation - with Dutch 'long E.'

-IG Ending

The I of the -IG word ending is pronounced like 'voiceless (unstressed) E'

mistig

2 'misty, foggy'

zonnig

'sunny'

dorstig

2 'thirsty'

bezig

2 'busy (with)'

plezierig

2 'pleasant'

zondig

'sinful'

zompig

'swampy, marshy'

Double Trouble		heilig 'holy'		heiïg 'hazy'		grijzig 2 'greyish'		grimmig 2 'grim'

Changed Meaning		prettig 'pleasant' think of: 'pretty'		gretig 2 'eager' think of: 'greedy'		enig 'single, singular, unique' think of: 'only'

IJ

see EI/IJ

-ISCH Ending

The I of the Dutch -ISCH ending is a 'long I'

and the CH of SCH is not pronounced. -ISCH sounds like EESE in English CHEESE. A more phonetic Dutch spelling would be -IES.

kritisch

2 'critical' (having comments)

komisch

2 'comical, funny'

elektrisch

'electrical'

medisch

'medical' ‑>>

Double Trouble		logisch 'logical'		tragisch 2 'tragical'		chemisch 'chemical' ‑>>		mechanisch 2 'mechanical'		chaotisch 'chaotic'

gigantisch

2 'gigantic'

Dutch J

Dutch J is like English 'consonant Y' - except in the diphthong IJ (see under EI/IJ. A sound like English J is only found in foreign loanwords and may be written as 'DJ.'
English 'jam' is actually pronounced with a French J: jam

- but 'jeep' has the English J: jeep

2 'you; your' ‑>>

jouw

'your'

joker

'joker' (in card games)

jakkes!

'yikes, yuck!'

juk

'yoke'

Jan

'John'

Double Trouble		ja 'yes'		jaar 'year'		jarig 'having a birthday' ‑>> think of: 'year'		jij 'you' ‑>>		jolig 2 '~jolly'

KN

In Dutch, K before N is pronounced

knie

'knee'

knokkel

'knuckle'

kneden

2
'to knead' (like, bread)

knabbelen

2
'to nibble'

deurknop

'door knob'

knoop

'knot'
'button'

knauw 2 3 4 5 6 'amimal bite; setback' - think of: 'to gnaw' knagen 2 3 to gnaw		Changed Meaning		knecht 2 'servant' (male) - think of: 'knight'

-LIJK Ending 2

The IJ in the -LIJK ending sounds like 'voiceless (unstressed) E'

vriendelijk

'friendly, kind'

persoonlijk

'personally'

natuurlijk

'naturally'
'of course'

vrijelijk

'freely, liberally'

Changed Meaning		belachelijk 2 'ridiculous' think of: 'laugh, laughable'		eindelijk 'finally, at last' think of: 'end'

NG

NG in Dutch is always pronounced like in English SINGER and HANGER, never like in CHANGE, DANGER or LINGER.

vingers	'fingers'
ringvinger	'ring finger'
honger	'hunger'

zingen 2	'to sing' ‑>>
zanger	'singer' - male
zangeres 2	'singer' - female

ding	'thing'
dingen 2	'things'
dingetje 2	'thingy'

lang	'long'
jong	'young'
long	'lung'

brengen 2	'to bring' ‑>>
hangen	'to hang' (things) ‑>>
angst	'fear'

Double Trouble		hongerig 2 'hungry'		Changed Meaning		penning 2 'medal; coin' think of: 'penny'

Short O

Very much like O in English SHORT

vork	'fork' ‑>>
kort 2 3 kort / korte	'short'
vorst 2	'frost' 'king'
spons	'sponge'


kop	'cup' 'animal head'
kopje	'cup'
mok 2	'mug'

zon	'sun'
onder	'under, below'
pomp	'pump'
honderd	'hundred'
modder	'mud'
tobbe	'tub'
borstel	'brush'
korst 2	'crust'
smokkelen 2	'to smuggle'
strompelen 2	'to stumble, hobble' (walk with difficulty)

sok sokken 2	'sock' 'socks'
vos	'fox'
rot 2	'rotten'
rots 2	'rock'
pot	'pot, jar'
monster	'monster' also: 'sample'
bom 2	'bomb'
hol	'hollow'
stop! 2	'stop!'
lok	'lock' (hair)

los	'loose' (not fast)
vol	'full'

rond 2	'round'

stok	'stick'

donker 2	'dark'

borst	'breast'

Changed Meaning		volk 2 'nation, people' think of: 'folk'		zorgen 2 'worries' think of: 'sorrows'		bos 'small forest' think of: 'bush'		hol 'lair' think of: 'hall' and 'hole'		vlot 2 3 'raft' think of: 'to float'

hond

'dog'
think of: 'hound'

pols

'wrist'
think of: 'pulse, heart rate'

bol

'sphere, round object'
think of: 'ball'

plural: bollen

grof / grove

(note vowel lengthening)
'rude, coarse, very impolite' - think of: 'gruff'

Double Trouble		dochter 'daughter'		zonneschijn 2 'sunshine'

Long O

Very much like O in HOPE, TONE and OE in TOE

open	'open'
hoop 2	'hope' 'heap'
hopen 2	'to hope'
hopeloos 2	'hopeless, desperate'
foto	'picture, photograph'
toon 2	'tone'
troon	'throne'
pook 2	'poker' (fire-raking rod)
kool 2	'coal' 'cabbage, kale'
pool	'pole' (North-, South-)
zool	'sole' (shoe bottom)
roos 2 rozen 2	'rose' 'roses' ‑>>

noord	'North'
de Noordpool 2	'the North Pole'
koper	'copper' ‑>> 'buyer'
oven	'oven'
stro 2	'straw'
oranje 2	'orange' (color)
probleem 2	'problem'
boven 2	'above; upstairs'
gewoonte	habit, custom ('wont')

kroon	'crown'

hoofd	'head'
rood 2 rood / rode	'red'
brood 2	'bread' ‑>>
lood 2	'lead' (metal)
doof 2	'deaf'
dood	'dead' 'death'

koken 2	'to boil' 'to cook'
stoven 2	'to stew'

stoom	'steam'
stroom	'stream' 'current'
oost	'East'
droom 2	'dream'
vlo 2	'flea'
oor oren	'ear' 'ears'
vloot 2	'a fleet' (ships)

koning	'king'

zoon	'son'
zomer	'Summer'
komen	'to come' ‑>>
blozen	'to blush'
boter	'butter'
honing 2	''honey
stroop 2	'syrup'

olie 2	'oil'

Double Trouble		dozijn 'dozen'		hoog hoog / hoge	'high'		hoogte 2 'height'		oog 'eye'		boog 'bow' for shooting arrows ‑>>		gebroken 'broken' (in pieces)

Changed Meaning		groot 'big' - 'tall' - 'large' - 'great' think of: 'great'		poort 'gate' think of: 'port'		vogel 2 'bird' think of: 'fowl'		doop 'baptism' think of: 'dip'	dopen 2	'to baptize' 'to dip'

verboden

2 'not allowed'
think of: 'forbidden'

boom

'tree'
think of: 'boom'

lopen

2 'to walk'
think of: 'to leap' -‑>>

vrolijk

'cheerful, merry'
think of: 'frolic'

OE

Very much like OO in English FOOT, FOOD and OE in SHOE

voet 2 voeten 2	'foot' 'feet'
voedsel	'food' ‑>>
koekoek	'cuckoo'
boek	'book' ‑>>
boezem 2	'bosom'
troepen 2	'troops' (soldiers) ‑>>
hoef / hoeven 2	'hoof/hooves'
invloed 2	'influence'

doen 2	'to do' ‑>>
koel 2	'cool' (not warm)
poedel 2	'poodle'
soep	'soup'
sloep 2	'sloop'
stoep 2	'stoop, porch'
koekje	'cookie'
roet 2	'soot'
harpoen	'harpoon'

bloesem	'blossom'
katoen	'cotton'
moeras	'marsh, swamp'
voer voederen 2	'fodder, animal feed' 'feeding animals'

koe	'cow'
hoe?	'how?'
poeder	'powder'
snoet	snout

groen	'green'
groet groeten	'greeting' 'to greet'
bloeden 2	'to bleed'
voelen 2 gevoel	'to feel' 'feeling'
loeren	'to leer'

vloer	'floor, ground'

bloed	'blood'
vloed	'flood; high tide'
moeder	'mother' ‑>>
broer 2	'brother'
roest roestig 2 3	'rust' 'rusty'

hoera! 2	'hurrah!'

doel	'goal'

Double Trouble		groep 'group'		ploeg 'plow'		seizoen 'season'		groenig 2 'greenish'		jaloers 2 'jealous'

goed

2 'good; well'

genoeg

'enough'

goed genoeg

2 'good enough'

Changed Meaning		hoed 'hat' think of: 'hood'		bloem 2	'flower' ‑>> think of: 'bloom' 'flour'		stoel 'chair' think of: 'stool'		troebel 'murky, opaque' think of: 'trouble'		hoek 'corner; angle' think of: 'hook'

zoeken

2 'to search (for?)' ‑>>
think of: 'to seek'

PS

In Dutch, P before S is pronounced.

psalm

2 'psalm'

psycholoog

2 'psychologist'

psychiater

'psychiatrist'

pseudoniem

'pseudonym'
(irregular Dutch EU-pronunciation)

SCH

There is no sound in English like Dutch SCH. CH is like (softly) clearing your throat.

schip	'ship'
schild 2	'shield'
scherp 2	'sharp; spicy'
schelp 2 3	'(sea-) shell'

schok	'shock'
schot 2	'shot'
schieten 2	'to shoot' ‑>>
bisschop	'bishop'

schipper 2	'skipper'
schedel	'skull'
schets 2 schetsje	'sketch'

schor

'hoarse'

Double Trouble		schaap 'sheep' (1) schapen 2 'sheep' (>1)		schaar 'scissors'		schaats 2 2 'skate'			schaatsen	'skates' 'to skate'		schaamte 'shame'

schandaal

2 'scandal'

schandalig

'scandalous'

school

'school'

schoen

'shoe'
schoenen

'shoes'

Changed Meaning		schoffel 2 '(scuffle) hoe' think of: 'shovel'		schavot 'scaffold' (for executions only)

SCHR

The CH in SCHR is not pronounced

schrapen

2 'to scrape'

schril

2 'shrill'

schroef

'screw'

schroeven

'screws'

(de) schreeuw

'(the) scream, shout'

schreeuwen

'to scream, shout'

schroot

'scrap metal'

SJ

Almost all words in Dutch with a sound like English SH are loan words, most from Yiddish and French, and often still showing their origin in the spelling.

sjalotjes

2 'shallots'

shampoo (Engl.)

2 'shampoo'

sjaal

'shawl'

charme

2 'charm'

charmant

2 'charming, likeable'

chocola

'chocolate'

chique (sjiek)

2 'chique, classy'

TH

There is no sound in Dutch like English TH. In Dutch, TH can be said in two ways: either the H is completely dropped (it's a rare example of a letter that's not pronounced in Dutch) - or, in compound words, T and H are pronounced separately, similar to TH in English 'pothole:' witheet

2 'white-hot'

thee

'tea'

thema

'theme'

theorie

2 'theory'

therapie

'therapy'

On the other hand, you will find many English words with TH written and spoken as D in Dutch.

dit	'~this'
deze	'~these'
dat	'~that'
die	'~those'
~difference explained

danken 2 bedanken 2	'to thank' ‑>>
denken	'to think' ‑>>

dorst 2	'thirst'
doorn doornen	'thorn' 'thorns'
dun	'thin'
dief 2	'thief'

drie	'three'
draad	'thread'

kleding	'clothing' ‑>>
smid 2	'(black)smith'
smederij	'smithy'
bad 2	'bath'
pad 2	'path, way' 'toad'

maand	'month'
mond	'mouth'
tand tanden	'tooth' 'teeth'
eed 2	'oath'

Double Trouble		dij 'thigh' dij / dijen 'thigh/thighs'		dorstig 2 'thirsty'		jeugd 2 'youth'		heiden 'heathen'

Changed Meaning		dik 'fat, voluminous' think of: 'thick'		beneden 'downstairs, below' think of: 'beneath'

door dik en dun

'through thick and thin'

hier en daar

'here and there' (at various places)

TJ, TS, TSJ and English CH

The sound of English CH is not often heard in Dutch. It's usually represented as TS, TSJ or TJ

tjirpen

tsjirpen

'to chirp'

tjokvol

'chock-full'

aartsbisschop

'archbishop'

aartsvijand

2 'archenemy'
- think of: 'archfiend'

toetssteen

2 3 'touchstone'

But many English words with CH have K in Dutch:

kerk	'church'
kapel	'chapel'
kapelaan 2	'chaplain'

kans	'chance'
kiezen	'to choose'
kil	'chilly'

kers

2
kersen

'cherry
cherries'

kind 2 kinderen 2 2	'child' 'children'
note the similar irregular plurals

kin 2	'chin'
Karel	'Charles'
kampioen 2	'champion'

vink	'finch'
bleken	'to bleach'
bank	'bench' 'bank'

Double Trouble		kaas 'cheese'		Changed Meaning		kamer 'a room' think of: 'chamber'		bleek 2 'pale' think of: 'bleach(ed)'		toetsen 'piano keys' toetsenbord 2 'keyboard'	think of: 'to touch'

Short U

Short U sounds the same as 'voiceless (unstressed) E'

hut	'hut'
tunnel 2	'tunnel'
bus	'bus'
krul	'curl'
Hunnen 2	'Huns'

punt	'point'

zus zusje (zuster ) zuster	'sister' "nurse"

kurk	'cork'
cursus	'course, class'
kuch 2 kuchen 2	'(soft) cough' 'to cough (softly)'
snurken	'to snore'

zucht 2 zuchten 2	'sigh' 'to sigh'

kussen	'cushion, pillow' 'to kiss'
kus	'kiss'

hulp	'help' (assistance)

druppel	'drop' (liquid)

tulp	'tulip' ‑>>

Changed Meaning		nul '0, zero' think of: 'null'

Dutch Long U

see after W

UI

There is no sound like Dutch UI in English, but French has it in a word like l'oeil

('the eye')

bruin	'brown'
huis 2 huizen thuis	'house' ‑>> 'houses' at home, home
luid	'loud'
muis	'mouse'
luis	'louse'
huilen	'howl' (wolves) 'cry' (tears)
spruitjes	'Brussels sprouts'
uil 2 3 4	'owl'

duif 2	'dove, pigeon'
pruim	'plum'
duim 2	'thumb'
kruimel 2 kruimels	'crumb' 'crumbs'
sluimeren	'to slumber'
tuimelen	'to tumble'

suiker	'sugar'
fruit	'fruits'
duin	'dune'
pluim 2	'plume'
luit	'lute'

zuid 2	'South'
duizend	'thousand'

bruid	'bride'

kruis	'cross'

vuist 2	'fist'
druipen 2	'to drip'
kuif 2	'quiff'

kruipen	'to crawl'

duivel	'devil'

Double Trouble		duizelig 2 'dizzy'		muiterij 'mutiny'		Changed Meaning		ruimte 'space' think of: 'room'		Duits 'German' think of: 'Dutch' ‑>>		fornuis 'stove' think of: 'furnace'

W

To me, Dutch V is fairly similar to English V, but Dutch W is different from English W. For English W the lips are round and stressed (like for a kiss) but for Dutch W the lips are more relaxed. Dutch W starts with the top of the lower lip touching the front upper teeth, but not clearly blowing out air like for a V or F. For V, it's more the back of the lower lip that touches the upper teeth.

warm warm / warme	'warm'
walvis	'whale'
wakker	'awake'
wacht	'wait!' 'guard'

water 2	'water'
waard	'worth, worthy'
waarde	'worth, value'
waardeloos 2	'worthless'

werk	'work'
west	'West'
welkom 2	'welcome'
wesp 2	'wasp'
wens	'wish'

week 2	'week'
weer 2	'weather' 'again'
wegen	'to weigh' ‑>> 'roads (ways)'

wild	'wild'
wind	'wind'
winter	'Winter'
winterslaap 2	'hibernation'
wit	'white'

wiel	'wheel'

wol	'wool'
wolf	'wolf'
worm	'worm'
worstelen 2	'to wrestle'

woord	'word'
werkwoord	'verb'

weduwe 2	'widow'

wij	'we'
wijd	'wide'
wijn 2	'wine'
wijs wijs / wijze 2	'wise, sensible'
terwijl 2	'while'

kwaliteit 2	'quality'
kwart	'quarter, ¼'
kwartje	'quarter, 25¢'
kwartier	'15 minutes'

zwak 2	'weak'

zwaan	'swan' ‑>>
zwaard	'sword' ‑>>

zwellen 2	'to swell up' ‑>>
zwemmen	'to swim' ‑>>
zwendel 2	'swindle, fraud'
zwerm 2	'swarm'

zweet 2	'sweat'
zweep 2	'whip'

Double Trouble		zwijn 2 'swine, wild boar'		zweterig 'sweaty'		waardig 2 'worth, worthy'?		wilg 2 willow

Changed Meaning		sperwer 2 'sparrowhawk' think of: 'sparrow'		weelde 2 'luxury, abundance' think of: 'wealth'		weelderig 2 'luxurious, abundant, rich'

kwik

'mercury'
think of: 'quicksilver'

kwiek

'lively, brisk'
think of: 'quick'

Query Words		wat? 'what?'		waar? 2 'where?'		wanneer? 'when?'		wie? 'who?'		‑>>

WR

W before R is pronounced as V. It is too much effort to say a W followed by an R. In English, these W's are dropped.

wrak

'wreck'

scheepswrak

'sunken, wrecked ship'

wrat

2 'wart'

wringen

'to wring'

wrijven

2 'to rub'

wrijving

2 'friction'

AU/OU

AU and OU represent the same sound, similar to OU in LOUD and OW in NOW. I would say the sound always ends in a (soft) Dutch W.

au!	'ouch!'
nou 2	'now'
nauw nauwe 2	'narrow'
miauw	'meow'

oud	'old'
koud koud / koude	'cold'
bout	'bolt' (w/nut)
houden 2	'to hold' -‑>>
zout 2 3 zout / zoute 2	'salt' 'salty'
vouw vouwen 2	'fold' 'to fold'

blauw 2	'blue'
dauw	'dew'
kauwen 2 kauwgom	'to chew' 'chewing gum'
brouwen	'to brew'

klauw 2	'claw'
saus 2	'sauce'

bouwen	'to build'
bouwers 2	'builders' ‑>>
gebouw 2 gebouwen	'building' 'buildings' ‑>>

The pronunciation of jou

2 ('you' - singular, informal) and jouw

('your' - singular, informal) is not very different, the meaning is usually clear from the context, but the W may be exaggerated for emphasis. ‑>>

Double Trouble		goud 2 'gold' ‑>> gouden 'golden'		Gouda 'Gouda' (city and cheese)		schouder 'shoulder' schouders 'shoulders'

Changed Meaning		fout 'error' - 'wrong' think of: 'fault'		trouw 2 'faithful' think of: 'true'		woud 2 'deep forest' think of: 'wood'		ouders 'parents' think of: 'elders'		touw 2 'rope, string' think of: 'to tow'

Long U

There is no sound in English like Dutch Long U, but is is found in French, like in cru or dur

and in German, like in Hügel and Muesli

is always long. Note the difference the W makes in pronunciation: U

('you' - polite) / Uw

('your' - polite.)

puur 2	'pure'
uniek 2	'unique'
rekruut	'recruit'
duel 2	'duel'
duet	'duet'
duo 2	'duo'
situatie 2	situation
Ruud 2	'Rudy'

vuur 2	'fire'
vuurwerk	'fireworks'
huren	'to hire, rent'
sluw 2	'sly, cunning'

nu	'now'
uur	'hour'
zuur 2 zuur / zure 2	'sour, acid'

ruw 2 ruwe	'rough'
luxe 2	'luxury' *

schaduw	'shadow'

stuur 2	'steeringwheel' (car) 'handlebars' (bike)
luwte 2	'lee' (a sheltered place)

Double Trouble		juni 'June' juli 'July'		zwaluw 'swallow' (bird)		ritueel 'ritual'		juweel 2 'jewel' juwelen 'jewels' ‑>>		juwelier 'jeweler'		gruwelijk 'gruesome'

Change of Meaning		kuur 2 'course of treatment' think of: 'cure'		brutaal 'insolent' think of: 'brutal'			duur (duur / dure 2) 'expensive' think of: 'dear'		schuw 'very, very shy'

EEUW 2

The sound is actually a combination of Dutch long E

+ Dutch UW

(there is no sound in English like Dutch 'UW')

sneeuw 2 'snow'		sneeuwvlokken 2 'snowflakes'		leeuwerik 2 'lark' (a bird)		Changed Meaning		spreeuw 2 (2) 'starling' think of: 'sparrow'

IEUW 2

Very similar to EW in (British) English NEW

nieuw

'new'

(nieuw / nieuwe

2 'new')

nieuws

'(the) news'

Dat is goed nieuws.

'That's good news.'

I After a Vowel except in Diphthongs

After another vowel, I is pronounced as consonant-Y (Dutch J) - except in diphthongs EI and UI. To me, the rare Dutch AI sounds very much like English 'I.'

Thais

'Thai'

Thai

'Thai' (person)

Thailand

'Thailand' -‑>>

maïs

2 'maize, Indian corn'

maaien

'to mow' (like, grass)

zaaien

'to sow'

kraai

2 'crow'

boei

'buoy'

groeien

2 'to grow'

roeien

2 'to row'
roeiboot

'rowboat'

vloeien

'to flow'

kooi

2 'cage'

hooi

'hay'

prooi

2 3 'prey'

Dimensions and Units of the Metric System

lengte

2 ('length')

diepte

2 ('depth')

hoogte

2 ('height')

dikte

2 ('thickness')

diameter

('diameter')

millimeter

1mm = ¹/₁₀₀₀ m

centimeter

1cm = ¹/₁₀₀ m

(decimeter

)
(1dm = ¹/₁₀ m)

meter

kilometer

1km = 1000m

No Need for Translation - But A Good Pronunciation Exercise

You'll recognize the written form, they don't need translation though pronunciation may differ not sound familiar (some words show English translation when you place the cursor over them.)

abrikozen

2
absurd

accountant

2
alcohol

2
alfabet

2
alibi

2
amateur

ambitie

ambitieus

anatomie

arrogantie

2
bakkerij

2
barometer

2
bizar

cement

cholera

combinatie

2
commentator

complicaties

2
concert

contact

2 3
contract

creatie

2
cylinder

debuut

2
decibel

democratie

deodorant

diamant

discipline

2
discussie

2
dogma

2
dogmatisch

dolfijn

2
electriciteit

2
emotioneel

energie

2
expert

experiment

explosie

futiliteit

gitaar

horizon

2
hygiëne

2 3
hygiënisch

2
hypothese

incompetent

2
inferieur

ingrediënt

karakter

2 2
lila

katastrofe

2
loterij

2
margarine

mild

2 3
miserabel

2
modern

2
moment

monnik

2
monument

olifant

opera

origineel

2
paniek

paspoort

patiënt

piano

platform

2
politiek

pretentieus

2
privilege

radio

2
reactie

realistisch

rebel

2
rebellen

2
religieus

revolutie

2
rubber

2
salamander

sentimenteel

2
spelling

2
specialist

steriel

2
strategie

2
suggestief

2
superieur

symptoom

2
syndroom

2
systeem

taktiek

2
telefoon

2
televisie

temperatuur

2
tetanus

2
theocratie

thermometer

uniform

universiteit

vegetariër

vegetarisch

violet

Brood smeren

2 - 'to smear bread' i.e. to spread butter on it and put on cheese or ham or whatever covering
De zeven dwergen

'the seven dwarves' / De zeven zeeën *

2 'the seven seas'
vloeiend

2 ~'fluent' - hij spreekt vloeiend Nederlands

'he is fluent in Dutch'
Is het ijs dik genoeg?

2 'Is the ice thick enough?'
potten en pannen

2 'pots and pans'
Haastige spoed is zelden goed

slow "Hasty speed is seldom good" - 'hurry is rarely useful'
Beidt Uw tijd

2 3 'Bide your time' - be patient, wait for the right moment
De beste plaats om Nederlands te leren.

'The best place for learning Dutch'
Beter laat dan nooit

'Better late than never'
ranzig

2 ('rancid' - stale, old, off) - ranzig vet

2 ('rancid fat') - ranzige olie

2 ('rancid oil') ‑>>
stilstand

2 'standstill' - wapenstilstand

2 ['weapons shutdown'] - truce
smetteloos

2 'without a blemish, very clean' (think of: 'smutless')
broodkruimels

2 'breadcrumbs' - but to coat baking containers or meat, ask for panermeel

doe-het-zelf

'do-it-yourself'
gecompliceerd

2 slow 'complicated' - 't is te gecompliceerd

'it's too complicated'

Common Dutch Words from French
architect

2 3 (French CH)
etiquette

2 3
menu

(in restaurant)
migraine

2 3 (French G and AI)
prestigieus

(French G)

Special Mention

(de) doorbraak

2 breakthrough

Dutch and English 2

From 'High School' I remember some Medieval Dutch:

Het daget in het oosten,
Het lichtet overal,
Hoe luttel weet mijn liefken
Och waar ik henen sal

2 3

It's dawning in the East,
It's getting light everywhere,
How little does my loved one know
Where I'm going

Modern Dutch only has 'luttel' and the verb 'dagen' in the phrases:
Luttele seconden later

2 Just a few seconds later
Het begint me te dagen

2 It [starts to dawn] is dawning on me, I'm beginning to understand
Of course, 'dagen'

2 is also the plural of dag

2 ('day')

More Pronunciation: Reference Page (hear about 2000 examples) - Vowels and Diphthongs Compared (hear all side by side)
The 'Reference Page' has some fine points I had to forego on this page, and things like French words in Dutch.

More Vocabulary: Pictures Dictionary - Basic Dutch - By Subject: Overview

Thank you Veronica Lewis for an instructive mistake, and thank you 'Boswachter' Forrest Stewart for email about Dutch and English sounds.

Wordt Vervolgd

To Be Continued ‑>>

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Don't be a dief (thief) / dievegge (female thief) - diefstal (theft) - stelen (to steal) - heler (dealer in stolen goods) - hear Dutch - 2