TOP |
Hear Dutch Here
— Learn Dutch
There's never been a better time | Welcome
Site Map Mobile |
---|
Pronunciation - Vocabulary - Verbs - Word Order |
---|
Guide - Lessons - Programs - Listening - Names |
---|
site |
Facebook page |
The Passive Voice - de lijdende vorm | |
---|
The Future Tense - de toekomende tijd | |
---|
Reflexive Verbs | |
|
---|
Introduction | |
The Auxiliary Verb Worden ('to Be') | |
---|
Simple Tenses Examples | |
Complications in the Perfect Tenses | |
---|
Worden as 'to Become' | |
---|
In the Passive Voice - (de) lijdende vorm 'suffering mode' - the object of a 'regular, active' sentence becomes the subject, and is subjected to some activity.
'Regular, active:' Hij schopt de bal
He kicks the ball
'Passive:' De bal wordt geschopt
The ball is kicked
You can add the subject of the 'active' sentence, now the'agent' of
the 'passive' sentence with 'by' in English, Dutch door
‑>>
active: Ik verf het huis
I'm painting the house
passive:
Het huis wordt geverfd
The house is being painted
(right now, at the moment of speaking)
passive:
Het huis wordt door mij geverfd
The house is painted by me
Dutch and English both use a past participle in the passive voice,
but Dutch uses the auxiliary verb worden
2 —
while English uses the auxiliary verb 'to be,' which may be a bit
confusing -
more below
In Dutch, a D at the end of a word is pronounced as T, double
vowels are pronounced the same as single vowels, and DT is pronounced
as T.
Ik word geschopt door Jan
I am kicked by Jan
English 'by,' Dutch
door
identify the agent of the passive voice
The Auxiliary Verb
Worden (~'to be')
Worden
2
is a
strong verb:
worden
~to be-
werd
~was-
geworden
~been
2
'Word' and 'wordt' sound exactly the same:
ik word
2
/ hij wordt
2
Dutchmen often make spelling mistakes with 'word'
and 'wordt,' writing 'ik wordt' or 'hij word.'
The Simple Past Tense | ||
---|---|---|
(worden) | to be - for the passive voice | |
ik werd | I was | |
jij werd | you were | |
hij werd | he was | |
wij werden | we were | |
jullie werden | y'all were | |
zij werden | they were | |
U werd | you were | |
Dutch 'worden 2 can also mean 'to become' - a development, turning into - more below
Ik word gevraagd 2 I am asked Ik werd gevraagd 2 I was asked
Ik werd afgeleid 2 I was distracted
Er wordt gebeld 2 [There is ringing] - 'The bell is rung' - There is someone at the door
An often-heard complaint:
"Ik word geleefd."
[I am lived] ~ 'I have no life of my own,'
I'm not in control
Hij wordt vermist 2 3 He is missing Hij werd gemarteld 2 He was tortured
Werd dat verwacht? 2 3 Was that expected? Dat werd verwacht That was expected Wordt er regen verwacht? 2 Is rain expected? Ik werd verrast door onweer 2 I was (unpleasantly) surprised by, 'caught in a thunderstorm'
Ik word er elke dag aan herinnerd 2 3 I'm reminded of it every day
Het kan niet ontkend worden 2 It cannot be denied
Er worden fouten gemaakt 2 Mistakes are made
Velen worden geroepen, maar weinigen worden uitgekozen Many are called, but only a few are chosen
wordt vervolgd to be continued
the simple present tense:
Het huis wordt geverfd
The house is being
painted (right this moment)
Het huis wordt wit geverfd
[The house is being painted white]
~ They are painting the house white
the perfect present tense:
Het huis is geverfd geworden
The house [has been] was painted
Het huis is wit geverfd geworden
The house [has been] was painted white
Hij wordt door een wesp gestoken!
'He is being stung by a wasp!'
- right this moment
Hij is door een wesp gestoken geworden
'He has been stung by a wasp'
- some time ago
geboren worden
2
to be born
Hij werd geboren in Rotterdam
2
3
He was born in Rotterdam
Ze is op Kerstdag geboren geworden
2
She [has been] was born on Christmas Day
Ik ben in Nederland geboren geworden
I [have been] was born in Holland
Er wordt al zoveel gezegd
2
So much is being said already
Er is al zoveel gezegd geworden
2
So much has been said already
Mijn fiets is gestolen geworden
My bike [has been] was stolen
't Brood is gebakken geworden
'The bread [has been] was baked'
De aardappels zijn gekookt geworden
'The potatoes [have been] were boiled'
Ik ben gevraagd geworden
2
'I [has been] was asked' - to perform a task, or
fill a position or job
Not to be confused with:
Ik heb gevraagd
2
'I have asked' - I have put a question
Ik ben geschopt geworden
I [have been] was kicked
Ik ben geslagen geworden
2
3
I [have been] was slapped, hit
ik heb geslagen
2
I have hit, slapped
Ik ben geholpen geworden
2
I was helped, I have been helped,
I was attended to
Ik heb geholpen
2
I have helped, assisted
Bent U gebeten geworden door Uw hond?
2
3
Were you bitten by your dog?
Laat je thee niet koud worden 2 3 Don't let your tea get cold Wat wil je later worden? What do you want to be when you grow up? (asked of children) Mannen die lui worden 2 3 Men becoming lazy
Opeens werd 't stil Suddenly it became quiet
Hij is leraar geworden 2 3 4 He's become a teacher Wat is er van hem geworden? [What] Whatever became of him? Ik had schrijver willen worden, maar ik ben spreker geworden I wanted to be a writer, but I've become a speaker
Ik word oud 2 I'm getting old Hij is oud geworden 2 3 He's gotten old - this usually means he's come to look old or his mental ability has diminished, or it could be said of a person who passed away at a respectable age Door schade en schande wijs geworden 2 3 (4) (saying) ['Having become wise' - Educated by damage and shame] - The school of hard knocks
wakker worden
2
3
['to become awake'] - 'to wake up'
Ik werd midden in de nacht wakker
2
'I woke up in the middle of the night'
more Sleep
't Wordt laat 2 It's getting late 't Wordt donker It's getting dark 't Wordt zo vroeg donker 2 3 It's getting dark so early We gingen naar huis toen 't donker werd 2 We went home when it got dark
Op den duur wordt 't makkelijker In the long run, after a while it will be easier
Further reading, many more examples:
The Passive Voice - de Lijdende vorm
'Worden' -
'to be' for the passive voice // to become
Beginning Dutch Verbs
from the Lessons
Ik zal 't uitleggen | I'll explain [it] |
Ik zal opschieten 2 | I'll hurry |
Wie zal dat betalen? 2 | Who will pay for that? |
In Dutch, 'secondary verbs' like infinitives and past participles are usually put at the end of the line >>
Introduction | |
The Conjugation of Zullen | |
---|
Future Tense Examples | |
'Informal Future Tense' | |
---|
The Use of zou and zouden, the simple past tense of Zullen | |
---|
overview | ||
---|---|---|
zullen | will, shall | |
ik zal | I will/shall | |
wij zullen | we will/shall | |
ik zou | I would | |
wij zouden | we would | |
2 3 |
Zullen simple present - question mode | ||
---|---|---|
zal ik? | will/shall I? | |
zul jij? | will you? | |
zal hij? | will he? | |
zullen wij? | will/shall we? | |
zullen jullie? | will y'all? | |
zullen zij? | will they? | |
zult U? | will you? | |
'Simple past tense' of Zullen below
Ik zal schrijven 2 | I will write (letters, 'keep in touch') |
Ik zal 't hun geven | I'll give it to them |
Hoe zal 't aflopen? | How will it end? |
Ik zal U doorverbinden 2 I'll [connect you through] transfer your call
Ik zal 't niet vergeten 2 3 4 I [will not] won't forget it
Ik zal Jan morgen in Amsterdam geld geven Tomorrow in Amsterdam I'll give Jan money
De tijd zal 't leren 2 [The] Time will [teach] tell
Iemand zal een oplosing moeten vinden Someone will have to find a solution
Morgen zal 't wel beter zijn 2 3 (I think) it will be better tomorrow
't Zal niet de eerste keer zijn 2 3 It [will not] won't be the first time
't Zal niet gemakkelijk zijn 2 It won't be easy
't Zal wel meevallen 2 3 It won't be that bad
't Zal wel niet 2 3 It's not going to happen, It won't turn out to be that way
't Zal niet meer gebeuren 2 3 4 It won't happen again (promising better behavior)
't Lachen zal je vergaan 2 3 4 5 [~Your laughter will fade] - You will not be laughing then
Je zult er geen spijt van krijgen 2 [You will not feel remorse over it] You won't be sorry
We zullen wel zien 2 We'll see
Eerlijk zullen we alles delen 2 We'll share everything fairly
We zullen 't wel overleven 2 3 "Somehow, we will survive [it]" (ironic, a very small problem)
Zal ik je een kopje thee inschenken? Shall I pour you a cup of tea?
Hoe laat zal ik je wakker maken? 2 What time shall I wake you up?
Hoe zal ik het doen? 2 3 How shall I do it? Hoe zal ik het zeggen? 2 3 How shall I say it?
Zul je voorzichtig zijn? 2 Will you be careful?
Eens zul je begrijpen ... 2 There'll come a day that you'll understand ... Ooit zul je begrijpen ... 2 Someday you'll understand ...
Hoe lang zal 't duren? 2 3 How long will it last?
Zullen we gaan zwemmen? 2 [Shall we go swimming?] - Let's go for a swim
Zullen we naar de film gaan? 2 3 [Shall we go to a movie?] - Let's go see a movie
Zullen we ergens gaan eten? [Shall we go eat somewhere?] - Let's go out for meal
Zullen we zo gaan? 2 3 Shall we go (leave) in a moment?
Ik ga naar huis
I'm going home
Ik ga een dutje doen
2
3
I'm going to take a nap
Hij gaat naar Rotterdam
2
He's going to Rotterdam
Hij vertrekt morgen naar Afrika
he's leaving for Africa tomorrow
Als de dagen lengen, gaan de nachten
strengen
As the days get longer,
the nights will get more severe (i.e. colder)
morgen gaan we lijnen
tomorrow we'll start dieting
Dat gaat me niet nog een keer gebeuren
2
3
That's not going to happen to me again, I'm
not going to let that happen to me again
more gaan
See also:
hopen
2
3
'to hope'
- verwachten
2
'to expect'
- vrezen
2
3
'to fear'
van plan zijn
2
'to plan, to intend, to have in mind'
'simple past tense' | ||
---|---|---|
ik zou | I would | |
jij zou | you would | |
hij zou | he would | |
wij zouden | we would | |
jullie zouden | y'all would | |
zij zouden | they would | |
U zou | you would | |
Combining the simple 'past' tense of 'zullen' with verb infinitives usually indicates a hypothetical situation, something that didn't happen, a question of uncertain outcome, a question that can't be answered or to which no answer is expected, or a polite request or statement
hypothetical, speculating
Wat zou er gebeuren? 2 What would happen?
Als ik jou was zou ik niet gaan If I were you I wouldn't go
Wat zou daar het voordeel van zijn? 2 3 4 What would be the advantage of that?
it could be
't Zou kunnen zijn dat ... 2 It could be that ...
unconfirmed news, allegedly, it was said
Er zou veel schade zijn It was said there was great damage
it didn't happen
We zouden gaan fietsen maar 't begon te regenen We were going to make a bike ride but it started to rain
wishing
Ik zou wel eens willen weten ... 2 I would like to know [sometime] ...
Ik zou zo graag ... 2 3 I would really like to ... (a great wish of mine is ...)
polite questions or statements
Wat zou U aanraden? 2 3 What would you recommend? (in a restaurant or shop)
Zou U dat nog eens willen zeggen? 2 Could you please say that again (polite 'you')
The past tense of 'zullen' is also used for rhetorical questions where you don't expect a good answer.
Zou 't gaan regenen? Is it going to rain? - no idea
Gaat 't regenen? 2 Is it going to rain? - checking the forecast, asking a knowledgeable person
Zou 't kunnen zijn dat ...? 2 Could it be that ...?
Hoe zou 't met Kees zijn? 2 3 How would it be with Kees? How would Kees be? (You're completely out of touch)
Occasionally, the present tense of 'zullen,' usually in combination with pragmatic markers like 'maar,' 'toch' or 'wel' ‑>> is used to indicate hypothetical, potential situations.
Dat zal toch wel niet ... 2 [That will not be] - I don't think that's how it is
't Zal je kind maar wezen 'Imagine it would be your child,' 'To have a child like that ...' (wezen is mild slang for zijn, 'to be')
More words and phrases about the Future:
'Time' Thesaurus -
Talking
about Time
introduction | |
The Reflexive Pronouns | |
---|
Reflexive Verbs that Can Take other 'Objects' | |
---|
Reflexive Verbs that Always Come with a Reflexive Pronoun | |
---|
Reflexive Pronouns by Themselves | |
---|
Wikipedia says that (loosely defined) with reflexive verbs the subject
— (het) onderwerp
—
is the same as the object
— (het) lijdend voorwerp
2
— for example:
Ik was mezelf
2
3
I wash myself.
Wederkerende werkwoorden
2
3
'reflexive verbs' - 'wederkeren' is an old-fashioned word
meaning 'to return' and here it has the sense of 'doubling back.'
The modern word for 'to return' is
'terugkeren'
2
- (de) terugkeer
'(the) return' ‑>>
The Dutch reflexive pronouns come in 'short' and 'long' forms
('long forms' add -zelf, 'self') —
the short form is more common.
In the infinitve of reflexive verbs Dutch uses the reflexive pronoun
zich
'yourself, oneself' - or occasionally
zichzelf
2
zich wassen
2
'to wash yourself, oneself, to wash up'
Ik was me
2
Ik was mezelf
2
3
I wash myself, I'm washing up
We hadden ons goed gewassen
2
We had washed ourselves well
Nominative English / Dutch |
Reflexive | |
---|---|---|
I | ik | me
mezelf | singular you | jij / je | je
jezelf |
he | hij |
zich
zichzelf |
she | zij / ze |
zich
zichzelf |
we | wij / we |
ons
onszelf |
plural you | jullie |
je
jezelf |
they | zij / ze |
zich
zichzelf |
polite you | U |
zich
zichzelf Uzelf 2 |
zien | to see |
zichzelf zien 2 3 | 'to see oneself' |
Ik zie mezelf
2
3
I see myself, I'm seeing myself
Ik heb mezelf gezien
2
I have seen myself
Ik heb mezelf op TV gezien
2
3
I have seen myself on television
Zie je jezelf dat doen?
2
[Do you see yourself doing that?] Can you
imagine doing that?
Ik zie 't
I see it
Ik zie de sterren
2
I see the stars, I'm seeing the stars
Ik zag de sterren
I saw the stars
Zie je het verschil?
2
3
Do you see the difference?
Heb je haar gezicht gezien?
2
Have you seen her face?
zich verdedigen 2 3 to defend oneself
Hij heeft zich goed verdedigd
He [has] defended himself well
But
verdedigen
'to defend' is also found with 'regular' objects, for instance:
Ze verdedigde haar proefschrift
She defended her PhD thesis
Ik verdedig mijn standpunt
2
I'm defending my viewpoint
Hij verdedigde zijn land
He was defending his country
Wij verdedigen ons land
2
We're defending our country
English 'to feel' can (among other things) refer both to 'inner' feelings and to the sense of touch, sensations felt on the skin. For the 'internal feelings' Dutch uses the reflexive verb zich voelen and for what's felt on the skin Dutch uses the 'regular' verb voelen 2
|
|
Ik voelde de regen op m'n gezicht 2 I felt the rain on my face Voel hoe zacht de stof is! 2 3 Feel how soft the fabric is! Hoe voel je je? 2 How are you feeling? - more Ik voel me zo vol 2 [I feel so full] I've eaten too much. Ik voel me niet lekker I don't feel well - Medical Voel je je beter? 2 Are you feeling better? Ik had me nog nooit zo ziek gevoeld 2 3 I had never before felt that sick "je je" may look funny, but it's really what Dutch people say
Some reflexive verbs have a different meaning with a 'regular' object, for instance:
'Zich herinneren' means 'to remember,' bring up memories in your mind, but herinneren aan 2 3 means 'to remind,' bring something to someone else's attention, trying to make sure they don't forget
Herinner jij je ...?
2
Do you remember ...?
Ik herinner me 't niet.
2
I don't remember [it.]
Ik kan me 't niet herinneren.
2
(Ik kan 't me niet herinneren.
)
I [can't] don't remember [it.]
Nou herinner ik 't me weer.
2
Now I remember [it] [again.]
‑>>
Ik herinnerde hem aan z'n belofte
2
I reminded him [of his promise]
that he'd made a promise
Ik herinnerde hem aan de afspraak
I reminded him of the agreement,
that there was an agreement
Herinner me eraan
2
3
Remind me about it, remind me to ...
‑>>
A few refexive verbs have a rather different meaning without a refelxive pronoun, for instance:
zich overgeven 2 | to surrender |
Ik moest me overgeven 2 3 | I had to surrender |
overgeven 2 | to throw up, to vomit |
Ik moest overgeven | I had to throw up |
Some of the Dutch reflexive verbs are translated in the
passive voice in English, for instance
zich vervelen
2
'to be bored'
Only occasionally is it used without a reflexive pronoun.
Verveel je je? Are you bored? (singular informal) But: Verveel ik je? 2 3 Am I boring you? Do I bore you? Verveelt U zich? Are you bored? (polite) Ik verveel me nooit 2 'I'm never bored' Ik verveel me te pletter 2 3 'I'm bored stiff' ['crushed by boredom'] - more zich vervelen and also: vervelend 'annoying, ~unpleasant' and saai 'boring'
omdraaien
2
3
to turn around
zich omdraaien
2
3
4
to turn around (when standing up) // to turn over
(when lying down, like in bed)
Hij draaide zich om en liep
weg
2
3
He turned around and walked away
Draai je nou niet nog een keer
om
2
3
[Now don't turn over (in bed) another time]
- Get up!
beheersen
2
to control, rule, govern
zich beheersen
2
3
'to control yourself, have a grip on your
emotions'
Beheers je!
2
Get a grip on yourself, behave!
- Flemish has the to Dutchmen funny phrase:
'Herpak U!'
2
Ik kan me niet beheersen
2
I can't control myself
(I'm doing stupid things)
Hij wist zich te beheersen
2
3
4
He was able to control himself,
he kept his temper (he didn't become emotional, he did not react in
anger)
-
more beheersen etc.
bewegen
2
to move
zich bewegen
2
to move (your body)
Beweeg je niet!
Don't move! Freeze!
De minuutwijzer beweegt bijna niet meer
slow
The minute hand is barely moving anymore.
- more bewegen
voorstellen
2
to propose, submit a plan
zich voorstellen
2
1. to introduce oneself
2. to imagine
Mag ik me even voorstellen?
2
Allow me to introduce myself
Ik stelde me voor
2
1. I introduced myself
2. I imagined ...
Stel je voor ...
2
Imagine ... (with another intonation
it could also mean:
"Introduce yourself!")
Stel je voor dat er geen auto's zouden zijn!
2
Imagine that there would be no cars!
Stel je voor dat er geen auto's waren!
2
Imagine that there were no cars!
Ik kan me voorstellen dat ...
2
3
4
I can imagine that ...,
it's possible that ...
aanstellen to appoint (to a position)
zich aanstellen
2
to behave in an exaggerated manner,
usually childish, out of touch with reality
Stel je niet aan!
2
Don't exaggerate, don't be childish
(patronizing)
Hij stelt zich aan
2
He's exaggerating, behaving like a child
branden
to burn
"Je zult branden in de hel"
'You'll burn in hell'
Ik heb water zien branden
2
I've seen water burn (I've seen something that's
impossible)
zich branden
2
3
'to burn oneself,' to get burned
Ik heb me gebrand
2
3
'I burned myself,' I got burned
Heb je je gebrand?
2
3
Did you burn yourself? Did you get burned?
Brand je niet!
2
3
Dont get burned! (Be careful)
'To brand,' burn a mark in the skin of an animal is
brandmerken
2
('burn a mark')
zich vergissen 2 3 to be mistaken
Ik kan me vergissen
2
3
4
'I [can] may be mistaken'
We hebben ons vergist
2
'We were mistaken'
Jullie hebben je in hem vergist
2
'You guys were mistaken about him'
(de) vergissing
'honest mistake'
Alles was een vergissing
[Everything was a mistake]
- It was one big mistake
zich zorgen maken
2
to worry
Maak je geen zorgen over mij.
Don't worry about me.
Ik begon me zorgen te maken
2
3
I was starting to worry
- more zorgen
2 'worries'
zich afvragen
to wonder
Ik vraag me wel eens af ...
2
'Sometimes I wonder ...'
Ik vraag me af of ...
2
'I wonder if ...'
Ik vraag me af hoe 't komt
2
I wonder [how it comes] why it is,
what causes it
- more vragen
2 'to ask'
zich haasten
to hurry
Haast je als je de tijd hebt,
dan heb je de tijd als je haast hebt.
'Hurry when you have time,
then you'll have time when you're in a
hurry.'
‑>>
zich ontspannen
2
3
to relax
Ontspan je!
2
'Relax!'
Je moet je ontspannen
2
3
'You should relax!'
zich verbazen
2
to be surprised, amazed
't Verbaast me
2
3
I'm surprised
't Verbaast me niet
2
3
I'm not surprised
't Verbaast me niks
2
I am [zero] not surprised
Ik verbaas me over het zelfvertrouwen
2
I'm surprised at the self-confidence
Het zou me niet verbazen
2
'I would not be surprised'
verbazingwekkend
2
3
surprising, amazing
also: Ik sta nergens meer van te kijken
2
'Nothing surprises me anymore'
- Thank you, Johan!
zich ergeren
2
to be annoyed
Ik erger me dood
2
3
I'm deeply annoyed ['to death']
zich ergeren aan
2
3
4
to be annoyed by (at, with)
Ik erger me aan z'n houding
2
3
4
I'm annoyed by his attitude
Ik erger me aan de buren
2
3
4
I'm annoyed by the neighbors
zich vermaken 2 to be entertained, to enjoy yourself We hebben ons prima vermaakt 2 3 We [very well] really enjoyed ourselves
zich omkleden
to change (clothes)
Ga je je omkleden?
2
Are you going to change? (clothes)
zich bemoeien met to meddle with, getting involved with something where you're not wanted Je moet je d'r niet mee bemoeien 2 You shouldn't meddle, stay away from it Bemoei je d'r niet mee Don't get involved with it, go away!
zich verslapen to oversleep (not get up in time) Ik had me verslapen I had overslept
Van zich laten horen
2
3
['to let hear of yourself']
- to communicate, to be in touch - usually in the negative with:
'niet'
2
(not) or
'niks'
/ 'niets'
('nothing')
Hij laat niks van zich horen
2
He is not in touch
('We are not hearing from him')
Hij heeft niks van zich laten horen
2
He has not been in touch
('We have not heard from him')
Ze laten niet van zich horen
2
They are not in touch
('We are not hearing from them')
We hadden iets van ons moeten laten horen
2
3
We should have been in touch, we should have
contacted
zich schamen
2
3
to be ashamed
Je moest je schamen
2
You ought to, should be ashamed
of yourself
(de) schaamte
shame
‑>>
There is no simple Dutch verb for English 'to shame, make someone feel ashamed'
zich gedragen 2 3 'to behave' | |||||
a strong verb: | |||||
gedragen to behave |
- | gedroeg behaved |
- | gedragen behaved |
zich gedragen | to behave | |
ik gedraag me | I'm behaving | |
ik gedroeg me | I behaved | |
ik heb me gedragen | I have behaved | |
2 |
Maak 't jezelf gemakkelijk 2 3 [Make it easy for yourself] - Do it in an easy way, don't make it too complicated Maak 't je gemakkelijk 2 3 Make yourself comfortable (relax etc.)
Ik heb geen moment voor mezelf
2
I [have no moment] don't have a moment
to myself
Hoe weinig tijd er is voor mezelf
2
How little time there is to myself
Heb Uw naaste lief als Uzelf
2
Love your neighbor like yourself
Jij denkt alleen aan jezelf
2
3
You're only thinking of
yourself (an egotist)
tricky:
Ik was niet mezelf
2
3
I was not my usual self
('was' is also the singular simple past tense of
zijn
'to be' — and 'I don't wash myself' would be
Ik was mezelf niet)
zeker van mezelf
2
3
[certain of myself] - self-confident,
self-assured
zeker van jezelf
2
[certain of yourself] - self-confident,
self-assured
Hou je jezelf voor de gek?
2
3
4
Are you fooling, deceiving
yourself?
More about 'zelf,' 'zichzelf,' and
'yourself, oneself'
‑>>
Page in Progress
email -
Copyright © Marco Schuffelen 2024.
All rights reserved.
This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, redistributed,
or hotlinked to.
Gij zult niet stelen
'Thou shalt not steal'