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The U in Dutch - Skip General Introduction

Pronunciation: Hear for Yourself

Adjectives in most positions get an -E  ending ‑>>
Several words appear twice on the page. I do not have an infinite number of recordings, and some combinations of letters are rarely or never found in Dutch.

Spelling and Pronunciation

• a double vowel is always 'long'
  (de) slaap ('sleep') - (de) vloot 2 ('fleet')
• a single vowel at the end of a word is always 'long' (except E)
  (de) sla ('lettuce') - (de) vlo 2 ('flea') - de 2 ('the' #1)
• a single vowel followed by one or more consonants at the end of a word is 'short'
  slap ('weak') - (het) vlot 2 3 ('raft')
• a single vowel followed by one consonant followed by another vowel is 'long.' (The syllables split is before the single consonant. This is somewhat like English 'silent E')
  slapen (sla-pen) ('to sleep) vloten (vlo-ten) 2 ('fleets')
• a single vowel followed by two or more consonants is 'short.' (The syllable break is between the consonants)
  slappe (slap-pe) ('weak') - vlotten (vlot-ten) 2 3 ('rafts')
  This rule 'works' for double consonants, but not always when the consonants are different
• The 'voiceless, unstressed E' (the 'schwa') is a problem ‑>>
• Diphthongs don't have 'short' and 'long' forms
• Vowels and diphthongs are a little longer when followed by R

mannen (man-nen) 2

(de) maan 2 ('moon')

manen (ma-nen) 2 3

'Long' and 'short' are traditional terms. The difference is actually more of tone than length
More about spelling and pronunciation - another version
Learn the Rules by Studying and Listening to Examples

Major Exceptions to the Phonetic Spelling of Dutch:
- Page 1:   een   -IG   -ISCH   -LIJK  
- Page 2:   -B   -D   SCHR   -TIE   UW   WR

Hear the Dutch Letters in Hundreds of Words:
 AU/OU  CH  E  EI/IJ  EU  F  G  H  L  OE  SCH  U  UI  W  X  Y

'Master Lists' of Dutch words: Dutch to English - English to Dutch

U in Dutch - 'short' U: / 'long' U:

'Short' U sounds the same as 'voiceless, unstressed E' (the 'schwa') - like A in ALIVE and AGO
- verrukkelijk 2 / verrukkelijke 2 ('delicious, very enjoyable') - all vowels are 'short U' or 'voiceless, unstressed E'

'Long" U - there is no sound in English like Dutch 'long U,' but is is found in French, like in cru or dur and in German, like in Hügel and Muesli
'Long' U examples - below

Special Cases:

• AU/OU - diphthong AU/OU - a few examples below
  or go to the AU/OU page (partly finished)
• EEUW - special combination EEUW 2 3 - examples below
• EU - diphthong EU - a few examples below
  or go to the EU page (partly finished)
• IEU - special combinations -IEUW 2 and -IEUR/-IEUS/-IEUZ - examples below
• UI - diphthong UI - a few examples below
  or go to the UI page
• U in UW  - An exception to spelling/pronunciation rules, U in UW is always 'long' - examples below

• The I in the -IG ending sounds like Dutch 'short U' more
• The IJ in the -LIJK ending 2 sounds like Dutch 'short U' more

The 'first series' is grouped by the letter before the U's, the 'second series' is grouped by the letter after the U's:

- short U first series: AU-ZU - short U second series: UB-UW
- long U first series: BUU-ZUU - long U second series: UU-UUZ
- Compared - Hear 'short' and 'long' U next to the other vowels and the diphthongs

the: de 2 / het 2 3 - 't ->>
Plurals always take 'de'
a: (een) - 'n / one: één 2 3

Repeat the words after me, try saying them like I do, and record yourself or ask a friend to compare how you say them with how I say them. Try to bring your pronunciation of the words closer and closer to how I say them. Use as few or as many examples as you like.

AU	The Dutch diphthong written as AU or OU has little to do with the 'short' or 'long' U Dutch AU and OU sound like OU in LOUD, OW in NOW - hear Dutch: nauw ('narrow, tight') - au! ('ouch!') - rauw ('raw') - grauw ('grey, dun, ashen') - blauw ('blue') - (de) paus ('(the) pope') - augustus ('August') - pauken ('kettledrums' - music) - blauwe houweel ("blue pickaxe") - miauw! 2 ('meow!' - cat) More on the AU/OU page (partly finished)
BU	- (het) bubbelbad ('jacuzzi') - (de) bul ('academic diploma') - (de) bus ('bus // small container') - (de) bundel 2 3 4 ('bundle, collection') - (de) bunker 2 ('bunker, blockhouse') (de) burcht 2 3 4 ('castle, stronghold') - (de) schouwburg 2 ('theatre' - old-fashioned) - (de) burgemeester 2 3 ('mayor') - (de) burger 2 ('citizen, civilian,' Medieval "townsman") - (de) bus ('bus' - transport ‑>> // 'high tin jar') ‑>> - bussen 2 ('busses' // jars') - (de) kwibus ('a weird, idiosyncratic person)
CU	- (de) cultuur ('culture') - cursief 2 ('italic') - (de) cursus ('teaching course') - (de) curve 2 3 ('curve') - (het) circus 2 ('circus')
DU	- dubbel dubbele 2 ('double') - dubbeltje 2 ('dime, 10¢ coin') - (de) dubbeldekker 2 ('double-decker') - dubbel doppen 2 ('excessive shelling of fava beans') ‑>> - duchtig 2 ('thorough, sound, good') - (de) reproductie 2 ('print of a painting') - duf 2 3 4 ('drowsy, temporarily not very alert,' "out of it") - dun / dunne 2 / dun / dunne 2 ('thin, slender, skinny') - (de) durf 2 3 4 ('daring, courage') - durven 2 (to dare) ‑>> - dus ('so, therefore, thus') ‑>> - dutten 2 ('to nap') - (het) dutje 2 ('nap')
EU	I don't think there is a sound like a Dutch U (or E) in the diphthong EU . There's no sound like Dutch EU in English. German has a sound like it in some words with Ö or OE like the logician Gödel - schön 2 3 or Goethe French has a sound like Dutch EU in a word like deux - (de) beuk ('beech' - a tree) - (de) deuk 2 ('dent') - (de) neus ('nose') - (het) deuntje ('tune, little song') - (het) veulen ('fowl' - young horse) More on the EU page (partly finished)
EEUW	(de) eeuw 2 3 ('century') / eeuwen 2 ('centuries') - eeuwig 2 ('eternal') It is said that the sound of Dutch EEUW is long E + Dutch UW but to me the long U in EEUW is rather faint. Don't put too much stress on it - hear for yourself in the examples (de) eeuw 2 3 ('century') - eeuwen 2 ('centuries') - eeuwig 2 ('eternal') De Zeeuw 2 (a family name) - compare with: - (de) zenuw ('nerve') - (de) geeuw ('a yawn') - (de) leeuw ('lion') - (het) leeuwtje ('young, small lion') - (de) leeuwerik 2 ('lark' - a bird) - (de) meeuw ('seagull') - meeuwen ('seagulls') - (de) sneeuw ('snow') - 't sneeuwt ('it is snowing') - (de) spreeuw 2 ('starling' - a bird) - Leeuwarden ('a city') - Zeeuws 2 ('from the province of Zeeland') - Zeeuwen 2 ('people from the province of Zeeland') 2 Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek 2 3 4 - 17th Century Dutch scientist, inventor of the microscope ‑>>
FU	- (het) fut ('energy, strength,' "vim") - (de) functie 2 3 4 5 ('position // function') - (het) parfum ('perfume')
GU	- gul / gul/gulle ('generous, cordial') - (de) gulden (pre-Euro Dutch coin) - (de) gulp ('fly, zipper') - (het) gum ('eraser') - gunnen 2 ('to grant, allow') - ik gun 2 ('~I don't begrudge') - (de) gunst ('favor') - (de) yoghurt 2 ('yogurt') - (de) guts ('gouge' - woodworking tool - (de) augurk 2 ('pickle')
HU	- (de) hucht 2 3 ('hill' -or- 'slope, incline' - dialect) - (het) gehucht 2 ('hamlet,' very small village) - (de) hulde 2 ('homage, praise, tribute') - (de) hulp ('assistance, help') - hulpeloos 2 3 ('helpless, powerless') - (de) huls 2 ('case, wrapping, shell') - (de) hulst ('holly' - a shrub) - hun ('them') - Hunnen 2 ('Huns') - hup! (encouragement) - huppelen ('to skip, frolic') - hurken ('to squat' - ~sit, crouch) - (de) hut ('hut, cabin, shack') - hutten 2 ('huts') - (de) hutspot (a dish of carrots, potatoes and onion) ‑>>
JU	- (de) juffrouw 2 3 4 ('Miss // female elementary school teacher') - (het) juk ('yoke') - jullie ('you' - plural informal, "y'all") - (de) jurk 2 3 4 ('dress' - ladies') - Just 2 (a boys' name) - Justus (a boys' name) - Jurre 2 (a boys' name) - Jurgen 2 (a boys' name) - Jut (a girls' name - very old-fashioned)
KU	- (de/het) kuch 2 ('cough' // 'soldiers' bread') - kuchen 2 ('to cough') - (het) kuchje 2 3 ("small cough'") - (de) kudde ('herd') - (de) flauwekul! 2 ('nonsense!') - Mokum ('Amsterdam' - slang) - Renkum 2 (a town) - (de) kunde 2 3 ('~learned skill') ‑>> - kun je ... 2 3 ('could you ...') - kunnen ("can," 'to be able to') ‑>> - (de) kunst ('art') - (de) kurk ('cork') - (de) kus ('kiss') - [(het)] kussen 2 ('to kiss // pillow') - (de) kust ('coast')
LU	- (de) lucht ('air' // 'smell') - (het) luchtje ('bad smell' // '~something fishy') - vlucht ('flight // escape') - vluchten ('to flee // to escape') - bluffen 2 3 ('to bluff') - (het) geluk 2 ('luck' // 'happiness' - old-fashioned) - lukken 2 ('to succeed, be successful') - slurpen 2 ('to slurp, drink noisily') - (de) lus 2 ('loop') - (de) lust ('lust, desire') - blussen 2 ('to extinguish fire') - blut ('broke, out of money' - slang)
MU	- (de) mud 2 ('potato measure') - (de) mug ('mosquito') - mul ('loose' - soil, sand) - (het) multiplex 2 ('laminated board, >5 layers') - (de) munt 2 ('coin') - murw 2 (very unusual W-pronunciation - 'beaten down, spirit broken') - (de) mus ('sparrow') - (de) humus 2 3 4 ('humus,' composted and composting leaves) - (de) muts 2 ('warm woollen cap') - smurrie ('dirty, mudlike stuff, sludge')
NU	- nuchter 2 3 ('fasting, empty stomach // not drunk, sober // level-headed, matter-of-fact') - knudde 2 ('not good,' a failure, a disappointent - slang) - [(de)] nul ('0, zero' // 'dumb, useless person') - (het) nulpunt 2 ('point zero, nil') - (het) nummer 2 ('number') - (de) sinus ('sine') (math) - (het) nut ('use, usefulness') - nuttig ('useful')
OU	The Dutch diphthong written as OU or AU has little to do with the 'short' or 'long' U It sounds like OU in LOUD, OW in NOW - hear Dutch: louter 2 ('~pure') oud ('old') - (het) hout ('wood' - the material) - houten 2 ('wooden' - made of wood) - (het) touw ('rope, string') - bouwen ('to build') ‑>> - Gouda ('city in Holland' - also a cheese type) ‑>> - blauwe houweel ("blue pickaxe") More on the AU/OU page (partly finished)
PU	- (het) spul ("stuff, things") - spullen 2 3 4 ("things, stuff ") - (de) pummel ('lout') - (de/het) punt 2 3 4 ('point') - punt-uit! 2 3 ('period!' - end of discussion) - purper ('purple' - old-fashioned) - (de) put 2 ('well' // hole, drain') - (het) putje ('small drain, hole') - (de) Purmer 2 (a 'polder' near Amsterdam)
QU	Most Dutch words with QU are from Latin and English, and their QU is usually pronounced as Dutch KW, but in a few not uncommon words from French and Italian QU is pronounced just as K, without W. - qua 2 3 ('qua, as for, as to, regarding') Qua inkomen maakt 't niet veel uit 2 3 ([Regarding income ...] 'It doesn't make much difference in income' - quasi ('quasi, seemingly, pseudo-') - (de) queeste ('quest') - (de) quiz ('quiz' - game show - also written as (de) kwis) - (het) quorum ('quorum') - Quintus (a boys' name) - Quirinus (a boys' name) But: (de) quarantaine 2 ('quarantine') - (de) quiche ('quiche') - quitte ('even,' no debts, no obligations) - (de) quotiënt ('result of a division' - calculations) Dutch and English share many words that are clearly from Latin - but in Dutch the QUA is usually written as KWA: - (de) kwaliteit 2 ('quality') - (het) kwart ('quarter' of something) - (het) kwartier ('quarter of an hour') - (het) kwartje ('quarter, 25¢ coin') - (het) kwartaal ('quarter of a year') - (de) kwark 2 ('quark,' something somewhat like cottage cheese but smooth, not lumpy) - kwaak! 2 3 ('quack!' - duck sound) - (de) kwakzalver 2 ('quack' - fake or bad doctor) - (de) kwestie ('~question, matter')
RU	- (het) rubber 2 3 ('rubber') - (de) structuur ('structure, texture') - berucht 2 - berucht / beruchte ('infamous') - (het) gerucht 2 ('rumor') - vruchten 2 3 ('fruits') - (de) rug ('back' - body part) - ruggen 2 ('backs') - (de) brug ('bridge') - terug (going 'back, ~returning') - (de) ruk ('pull, jerk') - krukken ('crutches') - brullen 2 3 ('to roar, howl, bellow') - (de) krul ('curl') - krullen ('curls') - (de) rum ('rum') - (het) rund 2 ('cow, bull, steer') - (de) rups ('caterpillar') - (de) Rus ('Russian' - male) - Russen 2 ('Russians') - Rusland ('Russia') - (de) rust 2 ('rest, quiet') - (het) grut ('small children' - jocular) - (de) grutter 2 ('grocer, grocery store' - jocular)
SU	- subjectief 2 ('subjective, biased') - (de) subsidie 2 ('subsidy, financial aid, support') - subtiel 2 ('subtle') - suffen 2 3 ('not being entirely awake and alert, not paying attention' // 'woolgathering') - (de) sufferd ('a not very bright person') - (de) suggestie ('suggestion') - suggestief 2 ('suggestive') - suggereren 2 3 ('to suggest') - absurd 2 ('absurd')
SCHU	- schudden ('to shake') - (de) schuld ('guilt' // 'debt' // 'blame') - schuldig 2 3 ('guilty' // 'in debt') - (de) schulpzaag ('saw for cutting along with the grain') - (de) schurk 2 3 ('rogue') - (de) schurft 2 (a skin disease) - (de) schutkleur 2 3 ('camouflaging color') - (de) schutterij 2 3 ('17th Century militia & club') - (de) schutting ('solid wooden fence')
TU	- (het) tuf ('saliva' - childish // 'pumice' - volcanic rock) - (de) tulband ('turban') - (de) tulp ('tulip') - tulpen ('tulips') - (de) datum 2 ('date' - day/month/year) - (de) tunnel 2 3 4 ('tunnel') - (het) tunneltje ('a small tunnel') - (de) turbine 2 3 ('turbine') - (de) turf ('peat') - (het) turfmolm ('peat dust') - tussen ('between, among') - Van Tubbergen 2 ('a family name')
VU	- vulgair 2 (Frech AIR - 'vulgar') - (de) vulkaan ('volcano') - vullen 2 ('to fill') - (het) vulles ('garbage' - slang for - (het) vuilnis ('garbage, refuse') - (de) vulpen 2 ('fountain pen') - (de) vut (early retirement program - originally V.U.T.) - Vught (a city)
WU	- wuft 2 3 ('frivolous, fickle' - old-fashioned) - wulps 2 3 ('voluptuous, sexy, seductive' - said of women) - bewust ('conscious') - (de) oorwurm ('earwig') - Wubbo (a name)
ZU	- (de) zucht 2 ('sigh') - zulk ('such') - zullen ('shall/will') ‑>> - (de) zus ('sister') - (het) zusje ('sister') - (de) zuster ('nurse' // 'sister') - Zutphen 2 (a city)

UB	- (het) bubbelbad ('jacuzzi') - dubbel ('double') dubbele 2 ('double') - dubbeltje 2 ('dime, 10¢ coin') - (het) rubber 2 3 ('rubber') - (de) club 2 3 ('club, association') - subjectief 2 ('subjective, biased') - (de) subsidie 2 ('subsidy, financial aid, support') - subtiel 2 ('subtle') - Ubbergen 2 (a village) - Van Tubbergen 2 ('a family name') - Ubbo (a boys' name) - Wubbo (a boys' name) - Ruud Lubbers 2 (a politician)
UC	- (de) structuur ('structure, texture')
UCH	- duchtig 2 ('thorough, sound, good') - (de) hucht 2 3 4 (5 6) ('hill' or 'slope, incline' - dialect) - (het) gehucht 2 ('hamlet,' very small village) - (de/het) kuch 2 ('cough' // 'soldiers' bread') - kuchen 2 ('to cough') - (het) kuchje 2 3 ("small cough'") - (de) lucht ('air' // 'smell') - (het) luchtje ('bad smell' // '~something fishy') - (de) vlucht ('flight // escape') - nuchter 2 3 ('fasting, empty stomach // not drunk, sober // level-headed, matter-of-fact') - berucht 2 - berucht / beruchte ('infamous') - (het) gerucht 2 ('rumor') - (de) zucht 2 ('sigh') - (de) hebzucht ('greed,' obsession with acquiring and owning stuff)
UD	- (de) kudde ('herd') - (de) mud 2 ('potato measure') - knudde 2 ('not good,' a failure, a disappointent - slang) - schudden ('to shake')
UF	- duf 2 3 4 ('drowsy, temporarily not very alert,' "out of it") - (de) juffrouw 2 3 4 ('Miss // female elementary school teacher') - bluffen 2 3 ('to bluff') - suffen 2 3 ('not being entirely awake and alert, not paying attention' // 'woolgathering') - (de) sufferd ('a not very bright person') - (het) tuf ('saliva' - childish // 'pumice' - volcanic rock) - wuft 2 3 ('frivolous, fickle' - old-fashioned)
UG	- (de) mug ('mosquito') - (de) rug ('back' - body part) - ruggen 2 ('backs') - (de) suggestie ('suggestion') - suggestief 2 ('suggestive') - suggereren 2 3 ('to suggest') - Vught (a city)
UI	I don't hear a Dutch U in the diphthong UI - (de) ui 2 ('onion') - uien ('onions') (de) bruidssuiker ('wedding candy') - (de) huilbui ('crying fit') - (het) huisvuil 2 ('household garbage') There is no sound like Dutch UI in English, but French has a sound like Dutch UI in a word like l'oeil ('the eye') - hear Dutch: lui ('lazy') more on the UI-page
UK	- (het) juk ('yoke') - [(de)] druk ('pressure // busy') - lukken 2 ('to succeed, be successful') - (de) ruk ('pull, jerk') - stuk  ('piece // broken, not working') ‑>>
UL	- (de) bul ('academic diploma') - gul / gul/gulle ('generous, cordial') - (de) flauwekul! 2 ('nonsense!') - mul ('loose' - soil, sand) - (het) multiplex 2 ('laminated board, >5 layers') - [(de)] nul ('0, zero' // 'dumb, useless person') - (het) nulpunt 2 ('point zero, nil') - (het) spul ("stuff, things") - spullen 2 3 4 ("things, stuff") - (de) krul ('curl') - krullen ('curls') - vullen 2 ('to fill') - (het) vulles ('garbage' - slang for - (het) vuilnis ('garbage, refuse')) - (de) tulband ('turban') - (de) schuld ('guilt' // 'debt' // 'blame') - schuldig 2 3 ('guilty' // 'in debt') - (de) gulden (pre-Euro Dutch coin) - (de) hulde 2 ('homage, praise, tribute') - brullen 2 3 ('to roar, howl, bellow') - zullen ('shall/will') ‑>> - vulgair 2 (Frech AIR - 'vulgar') - jullie ('you' - plural informal, "y'all") - (de) vulkaan ('volcano') - zulk ('such') - (de) gulp ('fly, zipper') - (de) hulp ('assistance, help') - hulpeloos 2 3 ('helpless, powerless') - (de) tulp ('tulip') - tulpen ('tulips') - (de) vulpen 2 ('fountain pen') - wulps 2 3 ('voluptuous, sexy, seductive' - said of women) - (de) schulpzaag ('saw for cutting along with the grain') - (de) huls 2 ('case, wrapping, shell') - (de) hulst ('holly' - a shrub) - (de) cultuur ('culture') - Bulgarije ('Bulgaria')
UM	- (het) parfum ('perfume') - (het) gum ('eraser') - (het) nummer 2 ('number') - (de) pummel ('lout') - (de) rum ('rum') - (de) datum 2 ('date' - day/month/year)
UN	- dun / dunne 2 / dun / dunne 2 ('thin, slender, skinny') - gunnen 2 ('grant, allow') - ik gun 2 ('~I don't begrudge') - hun ('them') - Hunnen 2 ('Huns') - kunnen ("can," 'to be able to') ‑>> - (de) kunde 2 3 ('~learned skill') ‑>> - kun je ... 2 3 ('could you ...') - (de) functie 2 3 4 5 ('position // function') - (de) bundel 2 3 4 ('bundle, collection') - (de) bunker 2 ('bunker, blockhouse') - (het) rund 2 ('bovine: cow, bull, steer') - (de) tunnel 2 3 4 ('tunnel') - (het) tunneltje ('a small tunnel') - (de) gunst ('favor') - (de) kunst ('art') ‑>> - (de) munt 2 ('coin') - (de/het) punt 2 3 4 ('point') - (de) unster ('pocket scale') pocket scale">unster
UP	- hup! (encouragement) - huppelen ('to skip, frolic') - (de) rups ('caterpillar')
UR	- smurrie ('dirty, mudlike stuff, sludge') - (de) turbine 2 3 ('turbine') (de) burcht 2 3 4 ('castle, stronghold') - absurd 2 ('absurd') - (de) durf 2 3 4 ('daring, courage') - (de) turf ('peat') - (het) turfmolm ('peat dust') - murw 2 (very unusual W-pronunciation - 'beaten down, spirit broken') - urgent 2 ('urgent, requiring prompt action') - (de) urgentie ('urgency') - (de) burgemeester 2 3 ('mayor') - (de) burger 2 ('citizen, civilian,' Medieval "townsman") - (de) augurk 2 ('pickle') - hurken ('to squat' - ~sit, crouch) - (de) jurk 2 3 4 ('dress' - ladies') - (de) kurk ('cork') - (de) schurk 2 3 ('rogue') - slurpen 2 ('to slurp, drink noisily') - purper ('purple' - old-fashioned) - (de) yoghurt 2 ('yogurt') - durven 2 (to dare) ‑>> - (de) oorwurm ('earwig') - Limburg ('a province') - Jurre 2 (a boys' name) - Jurgen 2 (a boys' name) - Aardenburg 2 (a town) - Urk (a town) - (de) Purmer 2 (a 'polder' near Amsterdam)
US	- (de) bus ('bus' - transport // 'small container, high tin jar') - (het) busje 2 ('small bus, van' // 'small tin') ‑>> - bussen 2 ('busses' // jars') - (de) buslijn 2 3 ('bus route' - (het) buskruit ('gunpowder') - dus ('so, therefore, thus') ‑>> - (de) kus ('kiss') - [(het)] kussen 2 ('to kiss // pillow') - (de) lus 2 ('loop') - blussen 2 ('to extinguish fire') - (de) mus ('sparrow') - (de) humus 2 3 4 ('humus,' composted and composting leaves) - (de) sinus ('sine' - math) - (de) Rus ('Russian' - male) - Russen 2 ('Russians') - (de) zus ('sister') - (het) zusje ('sister') - (de) zuster ('nurse' // 'sister') - tussen ('between, among') - (de) kust ('coast') - (de) lust ('lust, desire') - (de) rust 2 ('rest, quiet') - bewust ('conscious') - Just 2 (a boys' name) - Justus (a boys' name)
UT	- dutten 2 ('to nap') - (het) dutje 2 ('nap') - (het) fut ('energy, strength,' "vim") - (de) guts ('gouge' - woodworking tool - (de) hut ('hut, cabin, shack') - hutten 2 ('huts') - blut ('broke, out of money' - slang) - (de) muts 2 ('warm woollen cap') - (het) nut ('use, usefulness') - nuttig ('useful') - (de) put 2 ('well' // hole, drain') - (het) putje ('small drain, hole') - (het) grut ('small children' - jocular) - (de) grutter 2 ('grocer, grocery store' - jocular) - (de) schutkleur 2 3 ('camouflaging color') - (de) schutterij 2 3 ('17th Century militia & club') - (de) schutting ('solid wooden fence') - (de) vut (early retirement program - originally V.U.T.) - Jut (a girls' name - very old-fashioned) - Zutphen 2 (a city)
UW	see 'UUW' below

long U

- tureluurs ('~crazy, ~mad')

cru or dur

Muesli

UU	- (het) uur ('hour') - (het) uurtje 2 ('little hour' - a small amount of time) - uurtjes 2 ('little hours' - some amount of time) - Uden 2 3 (a town)
BUU	- (de) ambulance (from French, 'ambulance') - (de) buur 2 ('neighbor') - buren 2 ('neighbors') - (de) buurt 2 ('neighborhood') - (de) buurman 2 ('neighbor' - adult, male) - (het) bureau (French EAU - 'desk' // 'office') - (de) buste 2 ('bosom' // head-and-shoulders statue - its long U is an exception to the spelling/pronunciation rules) - (de) buut 2 ('children's play item) - (het) debuut 2 ('debut,' first appearance) - robuust ('robust')
CUU	- see also K below - (de) accu ('car battery') - minuscuul 2 3 ('miniscule, very small') - (de/het) molecuul ('molecule') - [(de)] particulier 2 ('private individual // ~independent') - (het) document ('document') - (het) vacuüm 2 ('vacuum') - (het) excuus ('apology // excuse') - Culemborg 2 ('a town')
DUU	- duur / dure 2 3 4 / duur/dure ('expensive') - duurder ('more expensive') - duren 2 ('to last, time taken') ‑>> - (het) individu 2 ('individual')
EUU	- (de) reünie ('reunion')
EEUW	(de) eeuw 2 3 ('century') / eeuwen 2 ('centuries') - eeuwig 2 ('eternal') - see above
FUU	- (de) fuut ('grebe' - a bird ) - furieus ('furious, very angry') - (het) infuus ('IV') - (de) fusie ('fusion, merger') - (de) futiliteit 2 3 ('futility')
GUU	- guur 2 3 ('inclement,' 'very bad, very unpleasant, harsh' - weather) - onguur 2 3 ('unsavory,' making a very unpleasant impression - said of people) - (de/het) figuur ('figure' - graphic representation // 'person') - Guus (a boys' name)
HUU	- hu! 2 ('stop!' // 'go!' - horse calls) - (de) huur 2 ('rent' of a house, room or building) - huren ('to rent') ‑>> - (de) huurder ('tenant') - (het) huurhuis ('rented house, house for rent') - (de) huurling 2 ([soldier-for-rent] - 'mercenary' - old-fashioned) - (het) humeur 2 3 ('~mood') - (de) humor 2 ('humor') - (de) humus 2 3 4 ('humus,' composted and composting leaves) - Huub (a boys' name) - Hubert (a boys' name) - Hugo (a boys' name)
IEU	1. IEUW  Dutch IEUW 2 sounds very much like EW in English NEW: Dutch long I (IE) + Dutch UW: nieuw / nieuwe 2 ('new') - (het) nieuws ('news') - het nieuws 2 ('the news') (de) kieuw 2 3 ('gill' - fish breathing) - opnieuw 2 ('anew, again') - overnieuw 2 ('anew, again') - (de) nieuwslezer ([news reader] 'news anchor') - nieuwsgierig 2 3 ('curious, wanting to know things') - niks nieuw 2 3 ('nothing new') - iets nieuws ('something new') - (de) nieuwjaarsdag 2 ('new year's day') - Nieuwpoort ([new gate] - a city in Belgium) 2. IEU-S/Z/R  But but when IEU ends in S, Z or R, IEU sunds like Dutch long I (IE) + Dutch EU + S/Z or R, with a faint consonant-Y (Dutch J) connecting I and EU: serieus / serieuze 2 3 4 5 / serieus / serieuze ('serious') - religieus ('religious') - ambitieus ('ambitious') ‑>> - curieus 2 ('curious, strange, unusual') - furieus ('furious, very angry') - ingenieus 2 ('ingenious, inventive, clever') - modieus ('fashionable') - mysterieus 2 3 ('mysterious, enigmatic') - prestigieus ('prestigious, having high status') superieur ('superior') - inferieur ('inferior') - ingenieur ('engineer' - French G) The IEU in the word from French (het) milieu 2 ('(the) Environment') sounds like consonant‑Y (Dutch J) + Dutch EU
JUU	- jubelen ('shouting with joy, to cheer') - juni ('June') - juli ('July') - (de) juut ('policeman' - children's language) - Judith 2 (a girls' name) - Juul (a girls' name) - Julia (a girls' name) - Juliana (a girls' name, also a former queen) - Julius (a boys' name)
KUU	- (de) kuub 2 3 ('m³, cubic meter' - informal) - (de) kubus ('cube') - kubussen ('cubes') - (de) minkukel ('a jerk') - (de) kuur 2 ('course of treatment')
LUU	- (de) paraplu ('umbrella') - (de) lucifer ('match' - for fire) - lucifers ('matches') - ludiek 2 3 4 ('playful' - usually said about somewhat disruptive protests or actions) - (het) volume ('content,' 'capacity, volume') - (de) fluor ('fluorine') - (het) fluoride ('fluoride') - gluren ('to peek, leer,' watch secretly) - (het) plutonium ('plutonium') - (de) illusie 2 3 ('illusion') - (de) evolutie 2 ('evolution') - (de) revolutie 2 ('revolution') - (de) luxe ('luxury') - (de) luxaflex 2 ('miniblinds') - Lucas (a boys' name) - Luuk (a boys' name) - Lucie (a girls' name)
MUU	- (de) formule 2 3 ('formula') - (het) formulier 2 ('form' - to fill out) - immuun 2 3 ('immune') - (de) immunisering 2 ('immunization') - (de) muur ('wall') - (het) museum ('museum') - museums 2 ('museums') - musea 2 3 4 5 ('museums') - (de) musicus ('serious musician') - musici 2 ('serious musicians') - (de) mutatie ('mutation') - (de) muze ('muse') - (de) muziek 2 ('music') - Samuel (a boys' name)
NUU	- nu 2 ('now') ‑>> - (het) menu ('menu') - continu 2 3 ('continuous, continuously, all the time') - (het) minuet (a dance) - (het) monument ('monument') - (de) minuut ('minute') - minuten 2 ('minutes')
OU-UU	- Zou U ...? 2 ('Would you mind ...?' 'Could you please ...?' - polite 'you') ‑>>
PUU	- (het) publiek 2 ('audience, public') - (de) republiek 2 ('republic') - (de) capuchon ('hood') - kapucijners (a certain kind of beans) - (het) spuug 2 3 4 ('saliva, spittle' - children's language) - spugen 2 ('to spit,' // 'to vomit, throw up') - ik spuug 2 ('I'm spitting' // 'I'm throwing up') - populair 2 (French AI - 'popular') - (de) populier ('poplar' - a tree) - puur 2 ('pure') - (de) puut / (het) puutje ('bag' - slang) - (de) reputatie ('reputation')
QUU	The letter Q is said with a 'long U' IQ 2 IQ
RUU	- februari ('February') - cruciaal ('crucial, vital, critical') - (de) ruïne 2 ('ruin') - ruïneren 2 ('to ruin') - (het) instrument ('instrument, tool') - (het) rumoer 2 3 4 ('noise, hubbub, commotion') - bruusk 2 ('brusque, abrupt') - [(de)] bruut ('savagely violent, brutal // such a person') - brutaal ('insolent') - (de) brutaliteit 2 ('insolence') - hondsbrutaal ('very insolent' - "like a dog") - bruto 2 ('gross' - weight of container and content together) - gruwelen ('horrors // to be horrified') - gruwelijk ('gruesome, horrible') - gruzelementen ('smithereens') - (de) ruzie 2 3 ('quarrel, argument') - Ruud 2 (a boys' name) - Rudy (a boys' name) - Rudolf (a boys' name) - Trudy (a girls' name) - Truus (a girls' name)
SUU	- subliem 2 3 ('sublime, exalted, fantastic') - (het) succes 2 ('succes') - super 2 3 4 5 ('super') - superieur ('superior') - (de) supermarkt 2 ('supermarket') - (de) blessure 2 ('sports injury') - Suriname 2 ('Surinam(e) - a country in South America, former Dutch colony) - Suus (a girls' name) - Suzan ('a girls' name') - Suzanne ('a girls' name') - Suze ('a girls' name') - Ursula ('a girls' name')
SCHUU	- (de) schuur 2 ('large shed,' like on a farm) - (het) schuurtje ('small shed,' like in a yard) - (de) schuurdeur ('door of a large shed') - schuren 2 3 ('to sand') - ik schuur ('I'm sanding') - (de) schuurmachine ('sander') - (het) schuurpapier ('sandpaper')
TUU	- (de) fluctuatie ('fluctuation') - (de) situatie ('situation') - (de) tuba ('tuba') - (de) tube 2 ('tube,' type of container, for instance for toothpaste) - Alstublieft ('please' + ‑>> - (de) stucadoor ('plasterer') - [(de)] bruut ('savagely violent, brutal // such a person') "nowrap"> - (de) studeerkamer ('study' - a room) - (de) student ('student' - college, university - (de) studie ('study') [(het)] ritueel ('ritual // a ritual') - eventueel 2 ('possibly, in case ...) - majestueus 2 ('majestic') - (de) tumor ('tumor') - (het) tumult ('tumult, commotion') - (de) natuur 2 ('nature') - (de) natuurkunde ('physics') - (de) natuurkundige ('physicist') - (de) natuurwetenschappen 2 ('(the) sciences') - natuurlijk ('of course! // natural') / natuurlijke 2 ('natural') - (de) partituur ('music score, sheet music') - (de) temperatuur 2 ('temperature') ‑>> - tureluurs ('~crazy, ~mad') - (de) cultuur ('culture') - (het) avontuur 2 ('adventure') - (het) stuur 2 3 ('steering wheel' - car // 'handlebars' - bike) - sturen ('to send // to steer, direct, operate') - (de) stuurman 2 3 ('ship officer') - overstuur 2 3 ('very upset') - gefrituurd 2 ('deep-fried') - besturen ('to drive // to govern, control') - (de) bestuurder ('driver // administrator') - tutoyeren 2 3 (from French - 'to address with informal je  and jij) - Portugal ('Portugal') - Arthur 2 (a boys' name)
VUU	- (het) vuur 2 ('fire') - vuren 2 ('fires' // 'to fire' - weapons) - vurig ('fiery, fervent, ardent, passionate') - (het) kruisvuur 2 ('cross fire') - (het) kampvuur ('camp fire') - (het) koudvuur (imaginary fireworks 'cold fire') - puur vuur ('pure fire') - (de) vuurdoop 2 ("baptism by fire") - (de) vuurproef ('trial by fire, a serious challenge') - vuurrood 2 ('fiery red') - (de) vuursteen 2 ([fire-stone] - 'flint') - (het) vuurtje 2 ('little fire' - to light a cigarette) - (de) vuurtoren 2 ('lighthouse') - vuurvast 2 ('fireproof' - ceramics) - (het) vuurwapen ('firearm') - (het) vuurwerk ('fireworks')
ZUU	- zuur / zure 2 3 - zuur / zure 2 ('sour, acid') - (de) zuring 2 3 (a plant often found along railroad tracks) - (het) zwavelzuur ('sulphuric acid,' H2SO4) - (het) zoutzuur ('hydrocholoric acid,' HCl) - (de) zuurstof ('oxygen') - vetzuren ('fatty acids') - zoetzuur 2 3 ('sweet-sour' - pickles taste variety) - (de) zuurdesem 2 3 ('sourdough') - (de) zuurkool ('sauerkraut') - (de) zuurpruim 2 3 ('sourpuss') - fris-zuur 2 ('fresh-sour' - like new-harvest organges)

UU	- (de) accu ('car battery') - (het) individu 2 ('individual') - hu! 2 ('stop!' // 'go!' - horse calls) - nu 2 ('now') ‑>> - (het) menu ('menu') - continu 2 3 ('continuous, continuously, all the time')
UUA	- (de) dualiteit ('duality') - januari ('January') - februari ('February') - (de) fluctuatie ('fluctuation') - (de) situatie ('situation')
UUB	- jubelen ('shouting with joy, to cheer') - (de) kuub 2 3 ('m³, cubic meter' - informal) - (de) kubus ('cube') - kubussen ('cubes') - (de) tuba ('tuba') - (de) tube 2 ('tube,' type of container, for instance for toothpaste) - Alstublieft ('please' + ‑>>) - (het) publiek 2 ('audience, public') - (de) republiek 2 ('republic') - subliem 2 3 ('sublime, exalted, fantastic') - Huub (a boys' name) - Hubert (a boys' name)
UUC	(K:) stucadoor ('plasterer') - (het) succes 2 ('succes') - lucratief 2 ('lucrative. very profitable') - Lucas (a boys' name) (S): - cruciaal ('crucial, vital, critical') - (de) lucifer ('match' - fire) - lucifers ('matches') - kapucijners (a certain kind of beans) - (de) hallucinatie 2 ('hallucination') - Lucie (a girls' name) CH: - (de) capuchon ('hood')
UUD	- (de) studeerkamer ('study' - a room) - (de) student ('student' - college, university) - (de) studie ('study') - ludiek 2 3 4 ('playful' - usually said about somewhat disruptive protests or actions) - Uden 2 3 (a town) - Judith 2 (a girls' name) - Ruud 2 (a boys' name) - Rudy (a boys' name) - Trudy (a girls' name) - Rudolf (a boys' name)
UUE	- (het) duel 2 ('duel') - (het) duet ('duet') - (het) minuet ('minuet' - a dance') - (de/het) suède 2 ('suede') - actueel ('topical, current') - eventueel 2 ('possibly, in case ...) - (het) ritueel ('ritual // a ritual') - (het) fluweel ('velvet') - UUE sounds the same with or without W UE in the French - (de) kaasfondue 2 3 4 ('cheese fondue') ‑>> and the German - ueberhaupt ('at all, anyway') - also written as überhaupt - are pronounced as 'long U'
UUEU	- majestueus 2 ('majestic')
UUG	- (het) spuug 2 3 4 ('saliva, spittle' - slang) - spugen 2 ('to spit,' // 'to vomit, throw up') - ik spuug 2 ('I'm spitting' // 'I'm throwing up') - Hugo (a boys' name) - Portugal ('Portugal') French G: - (de) centrifuge 2 3 ('centrifuge, spin-dryer')
UUI	- (de) ruïne 2 ('ruin') - ruïneren 2 ('to ruin') - also see the UI page
UUK	- (de) minkukel ('a jerk') - Luuk (a boys' name)
UUL	- minuscuul 2 3 ('miniscule') - (de/het) molecuul ('molecule') - juli ('July') - (de) ambulance (from French, 'ambulance') - (de) formule 2 3 ('formula') - (het) formulier 2 ('form' - to fill out) - [(de)] particulier 2 ('private individual // ~independent') - populair 2 (French AI - 'popular') - (de) populier ('poplar' - a tree) - Juul (a girls' name) - Julia (a girls' name) - Juliana (a girls' name, also former queen) - Julius (a boys' name) - Ursula (a girls' name)
UUM	- (het) vacuüm 2 ('vacuum') - (het) document ('document') - (het) monument ('monument') - (het) instrument ('instrument, tool') - (het) volume ('content,' 'capacity, volume') - (het) humeur 2 3 ('~mood') - (het) rumoer 2 3 4 ('noise, hubbub, commotion') - (de) humor 2 ('humor') - (de) tumor ('tumor') - (de) humus 2 3 4 ('humus,' composted and composting leaves) - (het) tumult ('tumult, commotion')
UUN	- juni ('June') - (de) unie ('union') - (de) reünie ('reunion') - uniek 2 ('unique, one-of-a-kind') - uniform ('uniform') - (de) universiteit ('university') - immuun 2 3 ('immune') - (de) immunisering 2 ('immunization') - Samuel (a boys' name)
UUO	- (het) duo 2 ('duo') - (de) fluor ('fluorine') - (het) fluoride ('fluoride')
UUP	- superieur ('superior') - (de) supermarkt 2 ('supermarket') - Rupelmonde ('a town in Belgium')
UUR	- (het) uur ('hour') - (het) uurtje 2 ('little hour' - a small amount of time) - uurtjes 2 ('little hours' - some amount of time) - (de) buur 2 ('neighbor') - buren 2 ('neighbors') - (de) buurjongen 2 ('neighbor boy') - (de) buurman 2 ('neighbor' - adult, male) - (het) buurmeisje ('neighbor girl') - (de) buurt 2 ('neighborhood') - (het) buurthuis 2 ('~community center') - (de) buurvrouw ('female neighbor') - duur / dure 2 3 4 / duur/dure ('expensive') - duurder ('more expensive') - duren 2 ('to last, time taken') ‑>> - (de) duurvorm 2 ('the contiuous, the progressive') ‑>> - guur 2 3 ('inclement,' 'very bad' - said of weather) ('very unpleasant, harsh' - weather) - onguur 2 3 ('unsavory,' making a very unpleasant impression - said of people) - (de/het) figuur ('figure' - graphic representation // 'person') - (de) huur 2 ('rent' of a house, room or building) - huren ('to rent') - (de) huurder ('tenant') - (het) huurhuis ('rented house, house for rent') - (de) huurling 2 ('soldier-for-rent,' mercenary - old-fashioned) - (de) kuur 2 ('course of treatment') - tureluurs ('~crazy, ~mad') - gluren ('to peek, leer,' watch secretly) - (de) muur ('wall') - puur 2 ('pure, unadulterated') - (de) schuur 2 ('large shed,' like on a farm - (het) schuurtje ('small shed,' like in a yard - (de) schuurdeur ('door of a large shed') - schuren 2 3 ('to sand') - ik schuur ('I'm sanding') - (de) schuurmachine ('sander') - (het) schuurpapier ('sandpaper') - tureluurs ('~crazy, ~mad') - (de) natuur 2 ('nature') - (de) natuurkunde ('physics') - (de) natuurkundige ('physicist') - (de) natuurwetenschappen 2 ('(the) sciences') - natuurlijk ('of course! // natural') / natuurlijke 2 ('natural') - (de) temperatuur 2 ('temperature') ‑>> - (de) cultuur ('culture') - furieus ('furious, very angry') - (de) blessure 2 ('sports injury') - (de) partituur ('music score, sheet music') - (het) avontuur 2 ('adventure') - stuur ('steering wheel') - sturen ('to send // to steer, direct, operate') - overstuur 2 3 ('very upset') - (de) stuurman 2 3 ([steering man] 'ship officer') - (de) bestuurder ('driver // administrator, manager') - besturen ('to drive // to govern, control') - gefrituurd 2 ('deep-fried') - (het) vuur 2 ('fire') - vuren 2 ('fires' // 'to fire' - weapons) - vurig ('fiery, fervent, ardent, passionate') - (het) kruisvuur 2 ('cross fire') - (het) kampvuur ('camp fire') - (het) koudvuur (imaginary fireworks 'cold fire') - puur vuur ('pure fire') - (de) vuurdoop 2 ("baptism by fire") - (de) vuurproef ('trial by fire, a serious challenge') - vuurrood 2 ('fiery red') - (de) vuursteen 2 ([fire-stone] - 'flint') - (het) vuurtje 2 ('little fire' - light for a cigarette) - (de) vuurtoren 2 ('lighthouse') - vuurvast 2 ('fireproof' - ceramics) - (het) vuurwapen ('firearm') - (het) vuurwerk ('fireworks') - zuur / zure 2 3 - zuur / zure 2 ('sour, acid') - (de) zuring 2 3 (a plant often found along railroad tracks) - (het) zwavelzuur ('sulphuric acid,' H2SO4) - (het) zoutzuur ('hydrocholoric acid,' HCl) - (de) zuurstof ('oxygen') - vetzuren ('fatty acids') - zoetzuur 2 3 ('sweet-sour' - pickles taste variety) - (de) zuurdesem 2 3 ('sourdough') - (de) zuurkool ('sauerkraut') - (de) zuurpruim 2 3 ('sourpuss') - fris-zuur 2 ('fresh-sour' - like new-harvest organges) - Suriname 2 ('Surinam(e) - a country in South America, former Dutch colony) - Arthur 2 (a boys' name)
UUS	- (het) excuus ('apology' // 'excuse') - (het) infuus ('IV') - (de) fusie ('fusion, merger') - (de) illusie 2 3 ('illusion') - paraplu's 2 ('umbrellas') - bruusk 2 ('impolitely quick, abrupt, brusque') - robuust ('robust') - Guus (a boys' name) - Truus (a girls' name) - Suus (a girls' name)
UUT	- (de) buut 2 ('children's play item) - (het) debuut 2 ('debut' - first appearence) - (de) fuut ('grebe' - a bird ) - (de) futiliteit 2 3 ('futility') - (de) juut ('policeman' - children's language) - (de) evolutie 2 ('evolution') - (de) revolutie 2 ('revolution') - (het) plutonium ('plutonium') - (het) parapluutje 2 ('small umbrella') - (de) mutatie ('mutation') - (de) minuut ('minute') - minuten 2 ('minutes') - (de) puut / (het) puutje ('bag' - slang) - (de) reputatie ('reputation') - [(de)] bruut ('savagely violent, brutal // such a person') - brutaal ('insolent') - (de) brutaliteit 2 ('insolence') - hondsbrutaal ('very insolent' - "like a dog") - bruto 2 ('gross' - weight of container and content together) - tutoyeren 2 3 (from French - 'to address with informal je  and jij)
UUV	- Duvel (a Belgian beer brand)
UUX	- (de) luxe ('luxury') - (de) luxaflex 2 ('miniblinds')
UUW	Dutch spelling/pronunciation rules say a single vowel followed by one or more consonants at the end of a word is 'short' - but UW is an exception to that rule: UW is always 'long.' (de) duw ('push') - (het) duwtje 2 ('small push, nudge') - duwen ('to push') - U duwt 2 3 ('you are pushing') - ik heb geduwd ('I have pushed') duwen to push ik duw I'm pushing wij duwen we're pushing ik duwde I pushed wij duwden we pushed ik heb geduwd I have pushed - (de) schaduw ('shadow, shade') - (de) weduwe 2 ('widow') - (de) weduwnaar 2 ('widower') - (het) huwelijk ('marriage') - gehuwd 2 ('married' - bureaucratic, formal) - (het) juweel ('a jewel') - juwelen ('jewels, jewelry') - (de) juwelier ('jeweler') - (de) baljuw 2 ("bailiff" - Medieval law court official) - zwaluw ('swallow' - a bird) - sluw 2 / sluw/sluwe 2 ('sly, cunning') - fluweel ('velvet') - (de) kluwen ('skein' - ball of wool thread) - (de) luwte 2 ('lee,' calm sea area - also figuratively) - zenuw ('nerve') - (de) zenuwbehandeling ([nerve treatment] - 'root canal' (treatment)) - zenuwslopend 2 ('nerve-racking') - (het) zenuwstelsel 2 ('(the) nervous system') - ruw 2 / ruwe 2 ('rough') - ruwaard ('a medieval ruler') - ruwheid ('roughness') - ruwweg ('roughly' - estimating) - gruwelen ('horrors // to be horrified') - gruwelijk ('gruesome, horrible') - schuw / schuw/schuwe 2 ('very shy') - schuwer 2 ('even more shy') - (de) afschuw 2 ('horror, disgust, loathing') - afschuwelijk 2 ('awful, horrible') - waarschuwen 2 3 ('to warn') - (de) waarschuwing 2 3 ('warning') - zonder waarschuwing 2 ('without (a) warning') - (de) stuw ('flood-control dam') - de Veluwe / de Betuwe (areas in the East of The Netherlands) Compare: ritueel ('ritual // a ritual') and - fluweel ('velvet') - UEE and UWEE sound the same. But U  ('you' - formal) and Uw  ('your' - formal) sound different Note that 'U' ('you'- formal) does not end in a Dutch W-sound like Uw ('your' - formal) - unlike the informal 'you' jou 2 ('you' - singular, informal, as object) and jouw ('your' - singular, informal) that/which sound alike, both end in a W-sound - see also personal pronouns
UUZ	(het) huzarenstukje 2 (['a hussars' act'] 'a daring small-scale military action') - (de) muze ('muse') - Uzelf 2 ('yourself' - polite 'you') - (de) muziek 2 ('music') - gruzelementen ('smithereens') - (de) ruzie 2 3 ('quarrel, argument') - Suzan ('a girls' name') - Suzanne ('a girls' name') - Suze ('a girls' name')

Compared with the Other Vowels and Diphthongs

	'short' U	'long' U
A	- (de) rugzak 2 ('back-[bag]-pack') - (het) kunstgras 2 ('artificial grass, artificial turf') - absurd 2 ('absurd') - (de) nachtrust 2 3 ([night-rest] 'sleep') - (het) parfum ('perfume') - (de) badmuts 2 ('swimming cap') - aldus 2 ("thus")	- (de) buurman 2 ('neighbor, adult male') - (de) stuurman 2 3 ('[steering man] ship officer') - vuurvast 2 ('fireproof') - (het) kampvuur ('camp fire') - (de) accu ('car battery') - (de) afschuw 2 ('loathing, horror, (strong) disgust') - (de) baljuw 2 ('medieval city official - bailiff?')
AA	- (de) vulkaan ('volcano') - vruchtbaar ('fertile') - (de) schulpzaag ('saw for cutting along with the grain') - (de) nadruk 2 ('emphasis, focus, stress') - (de) datum 2 ('date' - day/month/year)	- brutaal ('insolent, brazen') - (de) tuba ('tuba') - (de) ruwaard ('medieval functionary, ruler') - (de) graanschuur ('granary, grain storage building') - (de) schaduw ('shadow') - (de) zwaluw ('swallow' - a bird)
E	- (de) kunstmest 2 ('[artificial dung] fertilizer') - urgent 2 ('urgent, requiring prompt action') - (het) geldstuk ([piece of money] - 'coin') - per stuk 2 ('for each, each, apiece') - (de) stembus ('[vote-] 'ballot box')	- Uzelf 2 ('yourself' - polite 'you') - (het) vuurwerk ('fireworks') - (de) student ('student' - college or university) - (het) excuus ('apology // excuse') - bent U ...? 2 ('are you ...?')
EE	- (het) vruchtvlees 2 ('[fruit meat] fruit pulp') - (het) rundvlees ('beef') - (een) stuk zeep ('[piece] bar of soap') - (het) keerpunt ('turning point') - (de) eetlust ('appetite')	- (het) juweel 2 ('jewel') - (het) fluweel ('velvet') - (de) vuursteen 2 ([fire-stone] 'flint') - (het) spreekuur 2 3 ('walk-in office hours') - (de) zenuw ('nerve')
E-uh	- (het) kuchje 2 3 4 (" small" cough') - (de) kunde 2 3 ('~learned skill') - smullen 2 ('eating with great enjoyment') - (de) bunker 2 ('bunker, pillbox, blockhouse') - (de) unster ('pocket scale') - (de) tunnel 2 ('tunnel') - (het) geluk 2 (1. 'luck' 2. 'happiness' (old-fashioned) - bewust ('conscious') - berucht 2 ('infamous') - terug ('back' - returning	- (het) vuurtje 2 ('[little fire] light for a cigarette or cigar') - (de) luwte 2 ('lee' - calm area at sea, or also figuratively) - (de) muze ('muse') - (het) debuut 2 ('debut, first appearance') - gehuwd 2 ('married' - bureacratese) - (het) menu ('menu, bill of fare')
I	- (de) schutting ('(solid) wooden fence') - (het) mispunt 2 3 ('unpleasant person') - (het) circus 2 ('circus')	- (de) zuring 2 3 (a plant often found along railroad lines) - (de) huurling 2 ([soldier- for-rent] - 'mercenary' - old-fashioned) - immuun 2 3 4 ('immune') - fris-zuur 2 ('fresh-sour' (a taste, like for instance fresh new harvest oranges) - (het) infuus ('IV')
IE	- (de) smurrie ('gunk, slob, sludge') - subtiel 2 ('subtle') - (de) sinus ('sine' - math) - (de) nietsnut 2 ('good- for-nothing person, ne'er-do-well') - (het) vriespunt ('freezing point') - (de) kwibus ('a weird, idiosyncratic person') - (het) virus ('virus')	- (het) publiek 2 (1. 'audience' 2. 'public') - (de) studie ('study, studies') - (de) ruzie 2 3 ('argument, quarrel, row') - subliem 2 3 ('sublime') - (de) fusie ('fusion, combination') - (de) figuur ('figure') - vier uur ('4 o'clock // 4 hours') - (de) minuut ('minute, 60 seconds') - (het) I.Q. 2 ('IQ')
O	- (het) turfmolm ('peat dust, dry crumbly peat') - (de) hutspot (a mashed mix of cooked carrots, potatoes and onions) - (de) onschuld 2 ('innocence') - (de) postbus 2 3 ('mailbox, P.O. Box') - (de) yoghurt 2 ('yogurt')	- (de) humor 2 ('humor') - (de) duurvorm 2 ('the continuous, the progressive') - (de) zuurstof ('oxygen') - onguur 2 3 ('unsavory, making a very bad impression')
OO	- kurkdroog ('very dry - 'like ay cork') - (het) hoofdstuk ('chapter' - in a book) - (de) kroonkurk ('bottle cap, crown-cap') - (het) kookpunt ('boiling point')	- vuurrood 2 ('[fiery red] crimson, scarlet') - (de) zuurkool ([sour cabbage] 'sauerkraut') - (de) vuurdoop 2 ('baptism of fire') - robuust ('robust, sturdy')
U	- (het) nulpunt 2 ('zero, point zero') - (de) cursus ('learning course') - (het) muntstuk ([coin- piece] 'coin')	- (de) kubus ('cube') - (het) tumult ('disturbance, commotion') - (de) humus 2 3 4 ('humus,' decomposed and decomposing leaves)
UU	- (de) cultuur ('culture') - (de) structuur ('structure, texture')	- U duwt 2 3 ("you are pushing" (polite 'you') - puur vuur 2 3 ('pure fire') - (de) vuurmuur 2 3 ('firewall' - not a good Dutch word)
AU/OU	- [(de)] juffrouw 2 3 4 ('Miss' // 'female elementary school teacher' (address) - (de) schouwburg 2 ('theatre' - old-fashioned) - (de) blauwdruk ('blueprint') - (de) augurk 2 ('pickle')	- (de) buurvrouw 2 ('adult female neighbor') - (het) koudvuur 2 ("cold fire" - probably nonsensical) - (het) zoutzuur ('hydrochloric acid, HCl') - Zou U ...? 2 (would you ...?'')
EI/IJ	- (de) buslijn 2 3 ('bus route') - (de) luchtreis 2 3 ('travel through the air,' for instance by balloon) - hij lust 2 3 ('~he likes' - food, drink)	- (de) ruwheid ('roughness') - (de) vuurpijl ([fire- arrow] 'flare' - signal, fireworks) - (de) tijdsduur 2 ('duration, length of time')
EU	- (de) schutkleur 2 3 ('camouflage color') - (de) peulvrucht 2 3 ('[pod- fruit] - 'legume, ~bean')	- (het) humeur 2 3 ('mood') - (de) schuurdeur ('barn door') - (de) steunmuur ('[supporting] retaining wall')
OE	- (de) drukproef 2 3 ('galley,' test run of print) - (de) bloeddruk 2 3 ('blood pressure') - (het) doelpunt ('goal! // goal scored')	- (het) rumoer 2 3 4 ('hubbub' - many people shouting or muttering) - duur doen 2 ('showing off,' acting as if you're rich or important) - zoetzuur 2 3 ('sweet-and-sour,' a taste of for instance pickles)
UI	- (het) buskruit ('gunpowder') - punt-uit! 2 3 ('period! finished! that's it!') - (de) huismus 2 ([house sparrow] 1. 'the common sparrow' 2. 'stay-at-home person') - (het) kruispunt 2 ('intersection' of roads)	- (het) buurthuis 2 ('~neighborhood community center') - (het) huurhuis ('rental property, a house that's rented') - (de) zuurpruim 2 3 ([sour prune] 'sourpuss') - (het) kruisvuur 2 ('crossfire')

Major Exceptions to the Phonetic Spelling of Dutch:
- Page 1:   een   -IG   -ISCH   -LIJK  
- Page 2:   -B   -D   SCHR   -TIE   UW   WR

Hear the Dutch Letters in Hundreds of Words:
 AU/OU  CH  E  EI/IJ  EU  F  G  H  L  OE  SCH  U  UI  W  X  Y

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Gij zult niet stelen 'Thou shalt not steal'